Concentration of political power in the great states
The resurgence of the aristocracy
The political eminence of the middle class
The Enlightenment
Reaction against the baroque
The rococo style
The neoclassical style
The Enlightenment
Influences
Greco-Roman world
The Renaissance
The Scientific Revolution
Its geographic boundaries
The philosophes and their program
Definition of the philosophes
Representative thinkers
Their ideals
Their program
Religion
Deism
a) Metaphor of a clockwork universe
b) Impact
Popular Religion
a) Pietism
b) Methodism
c) First Great Awakening
The Encyclopédie
Origins
The project
The editorship of Diderot
The Physiocrats
Definition
Critique of mercantilism
Their doctrines
Adam Smith and his advocacy of a free-market economy
The Great Powers during the Age of Reason
Less turbulent than 1600s
Society: continuity and change
Growing urbanization of society
Continuation of a traditional, hierarchical society
Subordinate role for women
Conditions of black slaves in Europe's overseas colonies
Absolutism, limited monarchy, and enlightened despotism
Last great age of kings
France: the successors to the Sun King
a) Louis XV and Louis XVI
(1) Gathering sense of drift
(2) Society and culture
(3) Decline abroad
(4) Domestic problems at home
b) France at a crossroads in 1789
Great Britain and the Hanoverian kings
a) The ideal state of the philosophes
b) The early Hanoverians: George I and George II
c) George III
(1) Conflict between crown and Parliament
(2) The American Revolution
Enlightened despotism in central and eastern Europe
a) Survey of the lesser states of Europe
b) Prussia: Frederick II
(1) His reforms
(2) Commitment to Enlightenment values
c) Austria: Maria Theresa and Joseph II
(1) Their reforms
(2) Their contrasting involvement with Enlightenment ideas
d) Russia: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
(1) Their reforms
(2) Relationship to the Enlightenment
Cultural Trends in the Eighteenth Century: From Rococo to Neoclassical
The rococo style in the arts
The origin of the rococo
Its geographical boundaries
Rococo painting
a) Watteau
(1) Style characteristics
(2) Departure from Cythera
(3) The Sign for Gersaint's Shop
b) Boucher
(1) Style characteristics
(2) Nude on a Sofa
c) Vigée-Lebrun
(1) Style characteristics
(2) Marie Antoinette and Her Children
d) Fragonard
(1) Style characteristics
(2) The Pursuit
Rococo interiors
a) Aspects of the style
b) Boffrand and the "Salon de la Princesse" in the Hôtel de Soubise, Paris
c) Neumann and the Kaisersaal in the Residenz, Würzburg
The English response
a) Style characteristics
b) Hogarth
(1) The art market
(2) Marriage à la Mode series
The challenge of neoclassicism
Origins
Neoclassical painting
a) Vien and the Académie de France in Rome
b) David
(1) Style characteristics
(2) Oath of the Horatii
(3) The Death of Socrates
Art prints
a) Mezzotints
b) Aquatints
Neoclassical architecture
a) Adam
(1) Style characteristics
(2) Kenwood House, London
b) Soufflot
(1) Style characteristics
(2) The Pantheon, Paris
Political philosophy
Background
Alternatives to absolutism
a) Montesquieu and The Spirit of the Laws
b) Rousseau and The Social Contract
David Hume and A Treatise of Human Nature
Literature
Mission: to liberate consciousness
French writers: the development of new forms
a) Montesquieu: The Persian Letters
b) Rousseau: The Confessions
c) Voltaire
(1) Essay on Customs
(2) Candide
Neoclassicism and English literature
a) The English setting
b) Pope
(1) His style
(2) Essay on Man
c) Gibbon: History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
The rise of the novel
a) Characteristics
b) Samuel Richardson
(1) Theme: love between the sexes
(2) Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded
(3) Clarissa
c) Henry Fielding
(1) Theme: satiric adventures
(2) Tom Jones
Music
a) Rococo music
(1) Style galant
(2) The harpsichord and the pianoforte
(3) Couperin
(4) Rameau
b) Classical music
(1) Characteristics
(2) The sonata form and its impact
(3) Haydn
(4) Mozart
