Understand how information is carried by the nervous system.

• Describe the ionic events that take place at the nerve cell membrane.
• Explain how nerve cells carry information from one place to another.
• Describe the events that take place at the synapse.
• Explain why an impulse can go in only one direction across a synapse.

Recognize that specific functions are located in particular parts of the brain.

• Explain why damage to a particular part of the brain affects a specific sensory or motor ability.
• Describe how nervous disorders can be caused by incorrect amounts of specific neurotransmitters.

Understand how the endocrine system functions.

• Describe the role of receptor sites in the function of the endocrine system.
• Explain why a particular hormone affects only certain tissues.
• Explain how hormones can have long-term effects such as growth.

Appreciate how sense organs function.

• Describe the kinds of environmental changes to which the various sense organs respond.
• Explain why nerve damage can impair sensory ability.

Understand how muscles are stimulated and how they contract.

• Compare the functional abilities of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle.
• Describe the molecular events that cause muscle contraction.

Understand how the immune system functions.

• Define immunity.
• Describe the different immune mechanisms.
• List mechanisms that provide innate immunity.
• Describe the two major categories of adaptive immunity.
• List classes of immunoglobulins.
• Differentiate between T and B cells.
• Define alergic reactions.
• Describe autoimmune diseases.
• Describe immunodeficiency diseases.