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| 1 | |
What method of gathering information involves systematic observation, adhering to strict rules of evidence, and thinking critically about that evidence? |
| | A) | the scientific method |
| | B) | the research method |
| | C) | the psychological method |
| | D) | the medical method |
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| 2 | |
José and his research group are studying the effects of acculturation on first graders. To clarify what they mean by "acculturation" they need a specific ________ for the term. |
| | A) | operational measure |
| | B) | empirical definition |
| | C) | theoretical term |
| | D) | operational definition |
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| 3 | |
A prediction based on tentative explanations of observations in science is called a |
| | A) | theory. |
| | B) | maxim. |
| | C) | hypothesis. |
| | D) | operational definition. |
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| 4 | |
Clara hoped that other researchers would be able to get the same results she did in her experiment, which would provide more support for her findings. Therefore, she was extremely careful in laying out the steps of her research project so that, in scientific terms, the other researchers could _______ her study. |
| | A) | repeat |
| | B) | replicate |
| | C) | validate |
| | D) | prove |
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| 5 | |
Surveys, naturalistic observations, and the clinical method represent which type of scientific inquiry? |
| | A) | inferential studies |
| | B) | formal research |
| | C) | descriptive studies |
| | D) | statistical research |
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| 6 | |
After learning that people who respond to surveys may not be providing answers that are completely honest, Monty asks Professor Duran why surveys would be used. Professor Duran advises Monty that the primary advantage of the survey method is that |
| | A) | survey research allows a lot of information to be gathered in a relatively short period of time. |
| | B) | survey samples are always representative of the entire population being studied. |
| | C) | questions can be worded in many different ways that maximize respondents' honesty. |
| | D) | surveys provide information about cause and effect. |
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| 7 | |
When anthropologist Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees in Africa, she carefully watched and recorded their behavior. She used which research method? |
| | A) | participant observation |
| | B) | naturalistic observation |
| | C) | correlational method |
| | D) | experimental method |
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| 8 | |
Which correlation coefficient shows the strongest relationship between two variables? |
| | A) | -.85 |
| | B) | +.80 |
| | C) | 0.00 |
| | D) | +.15 |
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| 9 | |
Yeh has found that when she spends a lot of time going to movies with her friends, she does not do well in school. This demonstrates a |
| | A) | cause-and-effect relationship. |
| | B) | positive correlation. |
| | C) | negative correlation. |
| | D) | functional relationship. |
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| 10 | |
Uri wants to find the best way to draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships. Which research method should he use? |
| | A) | correlation |
| | B) | survey |
| | C) | clinical method |
| | D) | formal experiment |
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| 11 | |
The text describes an experiment that explores the effects of media violence on 400 boys aged 6 to 8. Before playing floor hockey, 200 of the boys viewed a highly violent film and the other 200 boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played floor hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The dependent variable in this experiment was the |
| | A) | aggressive behavior of the boys. |
| | B) | type of film the boys watched. |
| | C) | age of the boys. |
| | D) | type of game that the boys played. |
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| 12 | |
The text describes an experiment that explores the effects of media violence on 400 boys aged 6 to 8. Before playing floor hockey, 200 of the boys viewed a highly violent film and the other 200 boys viewed a nonviolent film. When all of the boys later played floor hockey, observers counted the number of aggressive acts performed by each boy. The boys in this experiment who viewed the violent film were in the ________ group. |
| | A) | control |
| | B) | comparison |
| | C) | experimental |
| | D) | experimental control |
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| 13 | |
Rose participated in a study to test a medication for treating osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease. Half of the participants in that study received a pill containing the real medication and the other half received a pill that contained no active ingredients, i.e., no medication. Those who received the pill with no active ingredients were given |
| | A) | an experimental drug. |
| | B) | a placebo. |
| | C) | a blind medication. |
| | D) | control. |
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| 14 | |
Ahmad takes a test in his psychology class. The professor adds up the scores that each student got on the test, then divides that sum by the total number of students who took the test. When the professor tells the class what the "average grade" was on the test, the professor is referring to which statistic? |
| | A) | mode |
| | B) | median |
| | C) | mean |
| | D) | norm |
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| 15 | |
An important issue to bear in mind when interpreting tests of statistical significance is that |
| | A) | statistical significance is usually less important than clinical significance. |
| | B) | only clinical significance, not statistical significance, can provide information about cause-and-effect. |
| | C) | psychologists place too much importance on statistical significance. |
| | D) | statistical significance does not equal practical significance. |
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| 16 | |
The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines for research with human participants allow deception in aspects of the study that do not influence the decision to participate. What is the other condition concerning deception in research? |
| | A) | The nature of the deception must be fully revealed to participants immediately after their participation in the experiment. |
| | B) | Deception is acceptable if it does not involve any form of coercion. |
| | C) | Although the nature of the deception does not ever need to be revealed, participants have a right to know the results of the experiment. |
| | D) | Participants may not be deceived in any other way. |
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| 17 | |
Which statement concerning the American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines concerning the use of nonhuman animals for research is correct? |
| | A) | Such research is considered ethical only under extreme situations. |
| | B) | Such research is ethical only when necessary to significantly advance the understanding of human or animal behavior and mental processes. |
| | C) | Such research has few limitations with regard to nonhuman animals; the ethical guidelines primarily apply to human research participants. |
| | D) | Such research is necessary because the findings always provide information that helps us understand human behavior and mental processes. |
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| 18 | |
Why does the U.S. National Institutes of Health require research to involve human subjects of both sexes and members of different racial and cultural groups whenever possible? |
| | A) | Because research has already shown that there are more differences than similarities between the sexes and we need to know exactly what those differences are. |
| | B) | Because research has already shown that there are more differences than similarities among various racial and cultural groups and we need to know exactly the extent of those differences. |
| | C) | The rule will help us determine whether sex and/or cultural differences exist with regard to key research findings. |
| | D) | This is actually an outdated rule that has been rescinded because we now know that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes and among the different racial and cultural groups. |
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