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| 1 | |
___________ refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience. |
| | A) | Learning |
| | B) | Classical conditioning |
| | C) | Operant conditioning |
| | D) | Conditioning |
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| 2 | |
Classical conditioning was first discovered by |
| | A) | John B. Watson. |
| | B) | B. F. Skinner. |
| | C) | Ivan Pavlov. |
| | D) | Edward Thorndike. |
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| 3 | |
The key element in classical conditioning is |
| | A) | association. |
| | B) | behavior. |
| | C) | timing. |
| | D) | reflexive behavior. |
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| 4 | |
In Pavlov's experiments, AFTER becoming associated with food, whenever the dogs heard the metronome they began to salivate. AFTER the dogs came to associate the metronome with food, the metronome was a(n) |
| | A) | neutral stimulus. |
| | B) | unconditioned stimulus. |
| | C) | conditioned stimulus. |
| | D) | conditioned response. |
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| 5 | |
Mary Cover Jones successfully reduced the fear of rabbits in a little boy named Peter by gradually pairing a rabbit with cookies. The process she used is called |
| | A) | classical conditioning. |
| | B) | operant conditioning. |
| | C) | extinction. |
| | D) | counter conditioning. |
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| 6 | |
Which type of learning is best defined as "the form of learning in which the consequences of behavior lead to changes in the probability of its occurrence"? |
| | A) | classical conditioning |
| | B) | operant conditioning |
| | C) | observational learning |
| | D) | insight learning |
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| 7 | |
Mrs. Wahl wants Tina to play with her classmates rather than spend time with her teachers, so every time Tina plays with her classmates, Mrs. Wahl smiles at her. Assuming that this technique works to increase Tina's interactions with her classmates, Mrs. Wahl's smile would be considered. |
| | A) | negative reinforcement. |
| | B) | spontaneous recovery. |
| | C) | positive reinforcement. |
| | D) | disinhibition. |
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| 8 | |
Mr. Riklis plays games in his class to teach his students a foreign language. He'll pick a word for the students to find in a paragraph and the first student to find the word is rewarded with a candy bar. The candy bar is a |
| | A) | primary reinforcer. |
| | B) | secondary reinforcer. |
| | C) | tertiary reinforcer. |
| | D) | bribe. |
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| 9 | |
Linda enjoys gambling even though she only wins occasionally. As noted in the text, the schedule of reinforcement that is most likely at play in gambling behavior is |
| | A) | fixed ratio. |
| | B) | variable ratio. |
| | C) | fixed interval. |
| | D) | variable interval. |
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| 10 | |
When Trooper the rat was first put into the Skinner box, he did not know that he was expected to press a lever. To get him to engage in that behavior, his student handlers reinforced him for responses that got closer and closer to pressing the lever, beginning with Trooper approaching the side of the cage that contained the lever. Through this process, which is called ___________, Trooper eventually learned to press the lever. |
| | A) | modeling |
| | B) | gradual learning |
| | C) | shaping |
| | D) | insight learning |
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| 11 | |
Every time Ms. Riley asks her class a question, little Timmy waves his hand wildly in the air and shouts, "Teacher, I know! I know!" To stop Timmy's frantic outbursts, Ms. Riley calls on him. This form of negative reinforcement is called |
| | A) | aversive conditioning. |
| | B) | escape conditioning. |
| | C) | avoidance conditioning. |
| | D) | shaping. |
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| 12 | |
The use of punishment to reduce the frequency of unwanted behavior |
| | A) | may involve ethical issues and serious dangers. |
| | B) | is usually more effective than the use of reinforcement. |
| | C) | is equally as effective as reinforcement. |
| | D) | is the same as using negative reinforcement. |
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| 13 | |
Morebucks, a Labrador retriever, will get her ball when her human companion says, "Morebucks, get your ball." When her human companions says, "Morebucks, get your toy," the dog will bring back a toy, not the ball. This demonstrates the principle of learning called |
| | A) | stimulus discrimination |
| | B) | stimulus generalization |
| | C) | inhibition |
| | D) | disinhibition |
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| 14 | |
Jason has just learned to say "Mommy." Now he calls every woman he sees "Mommy," demonstrating which principle of learning? |
| | A) | stimulus discrimination |
| | B) | stimulus generalization |
| | C) | inhibition |
| | D) | disinhibition |
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| 15 | |
When a learned response stops occurring because the aspect of the environment that originally caused the learning changes, ___________ has occurred. |
| | A) | punishment |
| | B) | counter-conditioning |
| | C) | disinhibition |
| | D) | extinction |
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| 16 | |
Research by Edward C. Tolman suggests that the rats he worked with |
| | A) | developed cognitive maps of where food was located relative to the starting place in the maze. |
| | B) | learned patterns of muscle movements that allowed them to find food in a maze. |
| | C) | relied on both cognitive processes and muscle movements to find food in a maze. |
| | D) | learned where food could be located in a maze through insight. |
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| 17 | |
One group of rats was reinforced with food from the first day of an experiment. It took them a week to increase their speed by ten seconds. Another group of rats was not reinforced until the 10th day of the experiment, and they gained ten seconds one day after being reinforced. According to Tolman the second group of rats had actually learned the maze, but they were not motivated to reach the goal box until they had a reason to do so. Tolman referred to this as |
| | A) | insight learning. |
| | B) | observational learning. |
| | C) | latent learning. |
| | D) | classical conditioning. |
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| 18 | |
Recent research based on Bandura's studies of modeling suggests that |
| | A) | children are innately aggressive. |
| | B) | television teaches children to prefer sugary foods, to engage in sex-stereotyped roles, and to behave violently. |
| | C) | children learn to be violent through positive reinforcement of their aggressive behavior. |
| | D) | punishment decreases a child's tendency to act aggressively. |
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| 19 | |
John Garcia and his colleagues developed a plan to keep coyotes from killing sheep by having ranchers place chemically treated sheep meat in a place where the coyotes would find it and eat it. After eating the treated meat, the coyotes became nauseated and no longer hunted the sheep. This is a practical application of a biological factor in learning called |
| | A) | observational learning. |
| | B) | escape learning. |
| | C) | insight learning. |
| | D) | learned taste aversion. |
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| 20 | |
Many baseball players engage in certain behaviors, such as wearing their "lucky socks" or "special cap," or tapping the ground with their bat a specific number of times before getting ready to hit the ball. Skinner found that pigeons engaged in similar behaviors that were unrelated to the task at hand, and he termed this |
| | A) | silliness. |
| | B) | superstitious behavior. |
| | C) | operant conditioning. |
| | D) | aberrant behavior. |
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