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Table of ContentsPREFACE XICHAPTER 1
Animal Agriculture 1
1.1 History and Development of Animal Agriculture 1
1.2 Domestication of Animals 2
1.3 History of Agricultural Education and Research 3
1.4 Animal Agriculture and the World Economy 4
1.5 Animal Agriculture and the United States Economy 14
1.6 Summary 17CHAPTER 2
Breeds and Life Cycles of Livestock and Poultry 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Development of Breeds 20
2.3 Breeds of Livestock and Poultry 24
2.4 Beef Life Cycle 31
2.5 Dairy Life Cycle 34
2.6 Goat Life Cycle 36
2.7 Sheep Life Cycle 38
2.8 Swine Life Cycle 41
2.9 Poultry Life Cycle 43
2.10 Summary 46CHAPTER 3
Animal Products 48
3.1 History of Availability and Consumption of Animal Products 48
3.2 Composition and Comparative Nutritional Contributions of Selected Animal Products 50
3.3 Purchasing Food Nutrients via Animal Products 57
3.4 Trends in Per Capita Consumption of Animal Products 57
3.5 Atherosclerosis 60
3.6 Fortification of Animal Products 61
3.7 Preservation of Animal Products 63
3.8 Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in the Production of Foods from Animals 70
3.9 Grading Animal Products 72
3.10 The Future of Animal Products 74
3.11 Summary 77CHAPTER 4
Companion Animals 80
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 History and Domestication of Dogs and Cats 82
4.3 Breeds and Characteristics of Companion Animals 83
4.4 Contributions of Companion Animals to Humans 85
4.5 Therapeutic Uses of Companion Animals 86
4.6 Human–Companion Animal Bonding 88
4.7 Companion Animal Behavior 89
4.8 Care and Training of Companion Animals 89
4.9 Feeding and Managing Companion Animals 90
4.10 Health and Disease Aspects of Companion Animals 92
4.11 Career Opportunities Associated with Companion Animals 93
4.12 Summary 94CHAPTER 5
Horses 96
5.1 Introduction 96
5.2 Characteristics and Types of Horses 97
5.3 Selection of Horses 101
5.4 Care and Management of Breeding Horses 101
5.5 Nutrition of Horses 106
5.6 Training and Grooming Horses 108
5.7 Common Defects and Unsoundness in Horses 109
5.8 Determining the Age of Horses 112
5.9 Disease and Parasite Control Aspects of Horses 112
5.10 Summary 118CHAPTER 6
Aquaculture 120
6.1 Introduction 120
6.2 Aquaculture Defined 121
6.3 History of Aquaculture 121
6.4 Current Trends in Global Fish Consumption 123
6.5 Characteristics of Fish 123
6.6 Water Quality 126
6.7 Production Methods 126
6.8 Aquaculture Production Cycles 128
6.9 Aquaculture, the Environment, and Animal Well-Being 129
6.10 Marketing 129
6.11 Processing of Aquaculture Products 129
6.12 Summary 129CHAPTER 7
State of Being of Domestic Animals 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Origins of the Debate 132
7.3 Scientific Assessment of the State of Being of Agricultural Animals 134
7.4 Scientific Assessment of the Current Status of Animal State of Being 137
7.5 Summary 139CHAPTER 8
Fundamental Principles of Genetics 141
8.1 Introduction 141
8.2 The Cell Theory of Inheritance 141
8.3 Chromosomal Abnormalities 143
8.4 Cell Division 143
8.5 The Gene and How It Functions 146
8.6 Genes and Embryological Development 151
8.7 Biotechnology 152
8.8 Segregation and Recombination of Genes 154
8.9 Laws of Probability and Animal Breeding 154
8.10 Mutations 155
8.11 Phenotypic Expression of Genes (Nonadditive) 155
8.12 Phenotypic Expression of Genes (Additive) 157
8.13 Sex-Linked Inheritance 157
8.14 Sex-Influenced Inheritance 157
8.15 Sex-Limited Traits 158
8.16 Genome Project 158
8.17 Summary 158CHAPTER 9
Principles of Selecting and Mating Farm Animals 162
9.1 Introduction 162
9.2 Phenotypic Variations in Quantitative Traits 162
9.3 Statistical Evaluation of Quantitative Traits 162
9.4 Frequency of Genes in a Population 163
9.5 Causes of Phenotypic Variation 165
9.6 Selection 166
9.7 Selection for Different Kinds of Gene Action 166
9.8 Selection of Superior Breeding Stock 169
9.9 Predicting the Amount of Progress Possible through Selection 171
9.10 Genetic Correlations 172
9.11 National Performance Programs 172
9.12 National Genetic Evaluation 173
9.13 Mating Systems for Livestock Improvement 173
9.14 Summary 177CHAPTER 10
Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals 179
10.1 Introduction 179
10.2 External Body Parts 179
10.3 The Skeletal System 182
10.4 The Muscular System 184
10.5 The Circulatory System 186
10.6 The Digestive System 190
10.7 The Respiratory System 191
10.8 The Nervous System 192
10.9 The Urinary System 193
10.10 Summary 194CHAPTER 11
The Application of Endocrinology to Selected Animals and Humans 196
11.1 Introduction 196
11.2 The Science of Endocrinology 196
11.3 Endocrine Glands and Their Secretions 196
11.4 The Chemical Nature of Hormones 197
11.5 Functions of Hormones 200
11.6 Mechanism of Hormone Action 200
11.7 Regulation of Hormone Secretion 201
11.8 Practical Uses of Natural and Synthetic Hormones 201
11.9 Summary 202CHAPTER 12
The Physiology of Growth and Senescence 203
12.1 Introduction 203
12.2 The Phenomenon of Growth 203
12.3 The Cell Is the Unit of Growth 205
12.4 Periods of Growth 206
12.5 Hormonal Control of Growth 209
12.6 Nutrition and Growth 212
12.7 Hereditary Mechanisms in Growth 212
12.8 Senescence (Aging) 214
12.9 Some Hypotheses of Aging 216
12.10 Summary 217CHAPTER 13
Anatomy and Physiology of Reproduction and Related Technologies in Farm Mammals 219
13.1 Introduction 219
13.2 Anatomy of the Mammalian Male Reproductive Tract 219
13.3 Anatomy of the Mammalian Female Reproductive Tract 222
13.4 Physiology of Reproduction in Farm Mammals 224
13.5 Application of Recent Research and Related Technologies in the Physiology of Reproduction 233
13.6 Summary 239CHAPTER 14
Artificial Insemination 241
14.1 Nomenclature and Definition 241
14.2 History and Development of Artificial Insemination 241
14.3 Importance and Implications of Artificial Insemination 243
14.4 Semen Collection 245
14.5 Evaluation of Semen 247
14.6 Extension of Semen 250
14.7 Semen Storage 251
14.8 Regulations Governing Artificial Insemination in Cattle 253
14.9 Artificial Insemination in Cattle 253
14.10 Artificial Insemination in Swine 254
14.11 Artificial Insemination in Horses 254
14.12 Artificial Insemination in Poultry 254
14.13 Artificial Insemination in Bees 254
14.14 Artificial Insemination in Humans 255
14.15 The National Association of Animal Breeders, Inc. 256
14.16 The Future of Artificial Insemination 256
14.17 Summary 258CHAPTER 15
Physiology of Lactation 259
15.1 Introduction 259
15.2 Mammary Gland Defined 259
15.3 Anatomy and Architecture of Mammary Glands 260
15.4 Growth and Development of Mammary Glands 262
15.5 Hormonal Regulation of Lactation 264
15.6 How Milk Is Made 267
15.7 How Milk Is Discharged (Secreted) 269
15.8 The Phenomenon of Milk Letdown 271
15.9 Regression (Involution) of the Mammary Gland 273
15.10 Factors Affecting Lactation 274
15.11 Factors Affecting the Composition of Milk 276
15.12 Immunological Aspects of Colostrum 278
15.13 Transgenic Animals and Lactation 280
15.14 Summary 280CHAPTER 16
Physiology of Egg Laying 282
16.1 Introduction 282
16.2 Egg Colors and Shapes 282
16.3 The Structure of an Egg 283
16.4 Reproduction and Egg Formation 284
16.5 Hormonal Regulation of Egg Laying 287
16.6 How an Egg is Laid (Oviposition) 289
16.7 Factors Affecting Egg Laying 289
16.8 Factors Affecting the Composition and Characteristics of Eggs 292
16.9 Factors Affecting Egg Size 292
16.10 Immunological and Medical Aspects of Eggs 293
16.11 Summary 293CHAPTER 17
Ecology and Environmental Physiology 295
17.1 Introduction 295
17.2 Heredity and Environment 296
17.3 Adaptation to Environment 298
17.4 Stress 299
17.5 Homeostasis and Homeothermy 299
17.6 Temperature Regulation 301
17.7 Nutritional Aspects of Environmental Conditions 302
17.8 Fever 304
17.9 The Thermoneutral Zone 305
17.10 Heat Production 305
17.11 Heat Dissipation 306
17.12 Effects of Climate on Production 311
17.13 Summary 311CHAPTER 18
Principles of Nutrition: Plant and Animal Composition 313
18.1 Introduction 313
18.2 Composition of Plants and Animals 314
18.3 Analysis of Foodstuffs 321
18.4 Determination of the Digestibility of Feeds 322
18.5 The Energy Content of Foods 323
18.6 Feed Additives 324
18.7 Summary 326CHAPTER 19
The Physiology of Digestion in Nutrition 327
19.1 Introduction 327
19.2 Types and Capacities of Digestive Systems 327
19.3 The Process of Digestion 330
19.4 Appetite 330
19.5 The Prehension of Food 331
19.6 The Mastication of Food 331
19.7 Enzymes of the Digestive Tract 331
19.8 Avian Digestion 332
19.9 Absorption of Food Nutrients 332
19.10 Factors Affecting the Digestibility of Feeds 333
19.11 Efficiency of Food Conversion 334
19.12 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Food Conversion 334
19.13 Summary 335CHAPTER 20
The Nutritional Application of Vitamins to Human and Animal Health 337
20.1 Introduction 337
20.2 Vitamins Defined 337
20.3. The Fat-Soluble Vitamins 337
20.4 The Water-Soluble Vitamins and Related Compounds 344
20.5 Vitamin Assays 354
20.6 Expressing Vitamins A and D Quantitatively 355
20.7 Supplying Vitamins to Farm Mammals and Poultry 355
20.8 Summary 355CHAPTER 21
The Nutritional Contributions of Minerals to Humans and Animals 356
21.1 Introduction 356
21.2 The Macroelements 356
21.3 The Microelements (Trace Elements) 360
21.4 Summary 368CHAPTER 22
Animal Disease and the Health of Humans 370
22.1 Introduction 370
22.2 Disease and Health 371
22.3 Selected Animal Diseases Transmissible to Humans 375
22.4 Selected Human Diseases Transmissible to Animals 390
22.5 Diseases Transmissible by Animals as Passive Carriers 391
22.6 Toxic Plants 391
22.7 Governmental Safeguards for Animal and Human Health 393
22.8 Protecting United States Livestock from Foreign Diseases 394
22.9 Summary 395CHAPTER 23
Selected Insects and Parasites of Significance to Humans and Animals 398
23.1 Introduction 398
23.2 Taxonomy 399
23.3 Contributions of Insects to Humans 400
23.4 Harmful Effects of Insects 403
23.5 Selected Arthropods Affecting Domestic Animals and/or Humans 404
23.6 Arthropod Control—Essential for Humans 409
23.7 Summary 414CHAPTER 24
Ethology and Animal Behavior 416
24.1 Introduction 416
24.2 Causes of Behavioral Responses in Animals 417
24.3 Motivation 419
24.4 Methods of Animal Communication 419
24.5 Orientation Behavior (Navigation or Homing) 420
24.6 Categories of Animal Behavior 421
24.7 Social Dominance 428
24.8 Population Density and Animal Behavior 429
24.9 Summary 429APPENDICES
Appendix A: Common Terms or Names Applied to Selected Farm Animals 431
Appendix B: Convenient Conversion Data 432
Appendix C: Tables of Weights and Measures 433
Appendix D: Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations in the United States and Its Territories 434
Appendix E: Alphabetical List of Elements and Symbols 436Glossary 439Index 477 |
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education