When you finish studying the material in this chapter, you should be able to:

• Define the term motivation.
• Review the historical roots of modern motivation theories.
• Explain the difference between content and process approaches of motivation.
• Contrast Maslow’s and McClelland’s need theories.
• Describe Alderfer's theory and the frustration regression assumption.
• Explain the practical significance of Herzberg’s distinction between motivators and hygiene factors.
• Describe how internal work motivation is increased by using the job characteristics model.