Chapter Outline

MEMORY AS INFORMATION PROCESSING
A Three-Stage Model

ENCODING: ENTERING INFORMATION
Effortful and Automatic Processing
Levels of Processing: When Deeper Is Better
Exposure and Rehearsal
Organization and Imagery
How Prior Knowledge Shapes Encoding
Encoding and Exceptional Memory
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Would Perfect Memory Be a Gift or a Curse?

STORAGE: RETAINING INFORMATION
Memory as a Network
Types of Long-Term Memory

RETRIEVAL: ACCESSING INFORMATION
The Value of Multiple Cues
The Value of Distinctiveness
Arousal, Emotion and Memory
BENEATH THE SURFACE Do We Really Remember It Like It Was Yesterday?
The Effects of Context, State, and Mood on Memory

FORGETTING
The Course of Forgetting
Why Do We Forget?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Is It Really on the Tip of Your Tongue?
Forgetting to Do Things: Prospective Memory
Amnesia

MEMORY AS A CONSTRUCTIVE PROCESS
Memory Distortion and Schemas
RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Memory Illusions: Remembering Things That Never Occurred
Misinformation Effects and Eyewitness Testimony
The Child as Eyewitness
The Recovered Memory Controversy
Culture and Memory Construction

MEMORY AND THE BRAIN
Where Are Memories Formed and Stored?
How Are Memories Formed?
APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Improving Memory and Academic Learning