 |
| 1 | |
Through which one of the following mammalian respiratory structures can oxygen diffuse into the blood? |
| | A) | Lungs |
| | B) | Tracheae |
| | C) | Bronchi |
| | D) | Alveoli |
| | E) | Oxygen can diffuse into the blood through all of the structures. |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
Which of the following statements about gas exchange is incorrect? |
| | A) | Aquatic animals typically have less oxygen available to them than do terrestrial animals. |
| | B) | Respiratory organs are typically adapted in some way to increase surface area for gas exchange. |
| | C) | Because the amount of available oxygen is inversely proportional to altitude, respiratory organs of high altitude animals are typically composed of thicker tissues to prevent loss of oxygen. |
| | D) | Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across body surfaces typically occurs in organisms that are a single cell layer or a few cell layers thick, but can also occur in some larger, more complex animals. |
| | E) | All of the statements about gas exchange are correct. |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
The region in a mammalian respiratory system where gas exchange actually occurs is most accurately referred to as the |
| | A) | alveoli. |
| | B) | bronchi. |
| | C) | larynx. |
| | D) | bronchioles. |
| | E) | trachea. |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
True or False: Mammalian breathing is regulated by intercostals nerves and phrenic nerves connected to specialized cells in the brain stem known as respiratory centers. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Hemoglobin has __________ subunit(s) and can carry a total of ___________ oxygen molecule(s). |
| | A) | 1; 1 |
| | B) | 1; 4 |
| | C) | 2; 2 |
| | D) | 4; 4 |
| | E) | 4; 1 |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
Which of the following occurs when a human relocates to a higher altitude? |
| | A) | Increase in ventilation |
| | B) | Increase in capillary density |
| | C) | Increase in myoglobin content in muscle |
| | D) | Increase in hematocrit |
| | E) | All of the choices occur when a human relocates to a higher altitude. |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Which of the following may cause emphysema? |
| | A) | Chronic exposure to air pollutants |
| | B) | Enzyme deficiency causing destruction of recoil proteins |
| | C) | Smoking tobacco |
| | D) | Chronic exposure to air pollutants and smoking tobacco |
| | E) | Chronic exposure to air pollutants, enzyme deficiency causing destruction of recoil proteins, and smoking tobacco |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
At an elevation where the atmospheric pressure is 600 mmHg, the partial pressure of oxygen would be |
| | A) | 28.6 mmHg. |
| | B) | 126 mmHg. |
| | C) | 160 mmHg. |
| | D) | 579 mmHg. |
| | E) | 600 mmHg. |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
True or False: Amphibians are able to stay under water for extended periods of time due to gas exchange occurring through their skin, even though they utilize lungs when in terrestrial environments. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Using the muscles of the mouth to create a hydrostatic pressure gradient for water to flow over gills is most accurately referred to as |
| | A) | tidal ventilation. |
| | B) | countercurrent exchange. |
| | C) | ram ventilation. |
| | D) | buccal pumping. |
| | E) | positive pressure filling. |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Which of the following is an example of a countercurrent exchange mechanism? |
| | A) | Tidal ventilation |
| | B) | Buccal pumping |
| | C) | Ram ventilation |
| | D) | Buccal pumping and ram ventilation |
| | E) | Tidal ventilation, buccal pumping, and ram ventilation |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Arrange the following locations in the order that describes the path of carbon dioxide in an insect.
i: outside the insect
ii: Tracheoles
iii: Cells
iv: Spiracles
|
| | A) | ii; iii; iv; i |
| | B) | iii; ii; iv; i |
| | C) | i; iv; iii; ii |
| | D) | iv; iii; ii; i |
| | E) | ii; iv; iii; i |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
For organisms of the same approximate size, which of the following animals would be expected to have lungs with the least amount of available surface area? |
| | A) | Birds |
| | B) | Snakes |
| | C) | Frogs |
| | D) | Mice |
| | E) | The lungs of all these animals would have approximately the same surface area for organisms of comparable size. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
True or False: The trachea contains ciliated epithelial cells and mucous producing goblet to aid in the removal of particulate matter. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
Mammals fill their lungs through a process most accurately referred to as |
| | A) | buccal pumping. |
| | B) | countercurrent exchange. |
| | C) | flow-through ventilation. |
| | D) | positive pressure filling. |
| | E) | negative pressure filling. |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
Which of the following statements about avian respiration is incorrect? |
| | A) | Avian respiration occurs through negative pressure. |
| | B) | Gas exchange occurs in alveoli |
| | C) | Air sacs expand by movement of the diaphragm. |
| | D) | Oxygen extraction in birds is less efficient than it is in fish gills. |
| | E) | All of the statements about avian respiration are correct. |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Levels of which one of the following substances is monitored by respiratory chemoreceptors? |
| | A) | Carbon dioxide |
| | B) | Oxygen |
| | C) | Hydrogen ions |
| | D) | Carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| | E) | Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen ions |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
Which of the following animals would be least likely to have blood with a bluish tint rather than a reddish tint? |
| | A) | Lobsters |
| | B) | Scorpions |
| | C) | Salamanders |
| | D) | Squids |
| | E) | Snails |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Arrange the following animals in order from lower hemoglobin affinity for oxygen to higher hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.
i: elephant
ii: mouse
iii: human
|
| | A) | i; iii; ii |
| | B) | ii; iii; i |
| | C) | i; ii; iii |
| | D) | ii; i; iii |
| | E) | iii; ii; i |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
True or False: Lung cancer is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
.