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| 1 | |
Electrolytes typically cross from one side of a biological membrane to the other via |
| | A) | osmosis. |
| | B) | protein channels. |
| | C) | active transport. |
| | D) | protein channels and active transport. |
| | E) | osmosis, protein channels, and active transport. |
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| 2 | |
Which of the following is not a process utilized by excretory organs in the excretion of waste? |
| | A) | Reabsorption |
| | B) | Filtration |
| | C) | Excretion |
| | D) | Secretion |
| | E) | All of the choices are processes utilized by excretory organs |
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| 3 | |
Trace the route of urine in a mammalian urinary system from the kidney to elimination from the body.
i: ureter
ii: urethra
iii: bladder
iv: kidney |
| | A) | iv; iii; i; ii |
| | B) | iii; i; iv; ii |
| | C) | i; iv; iii; ii |
| | D) | iv; i; iii; ii |
| | E) | ii; iv; iii; i |
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| 4 | |
The primary symptom of renal malfunction is |
| | A) | excessively salty sweat. |
| | B) | increased frequency of urination. |
| | C) | decreased frequency of urination. |
| | D) | urine in the blood. |
| | E) | kidney stones. |
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| 5 | |
Degradation of which of the following macromolecules would typically result in nitrogenous wastes? |
| | A) | Proteins |
| | B) | Lipids |
| | C) | Nucleic acids |
| | D) | Proteins and nucleic acids |
| | E) | Proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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| 6 | |
Which of the following is not considered an obligatory salt and water exchange mechanism in terrestrial animals? |
| | A) | Body temperature regulation |
| | B) | Metabolism |
| | C) | Respiration |
| | D) | Food intake |
| | E) | All of the choices are obligatory salt and water exchange mechanisms used by terrestrial mammals. |
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| 7 | |
The solute concentration of a solute in water is most accurately referred to as the solution's |
| | A) | osmolarity. |
| | B) | osmotic potential. |
| | C) | tonicity. |
| | D) | normality. |
| | E) | hydrostatic pressure. |
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| 8 | |
True or False: Saltwater fish typically gain water from drinking seawater and excrete salts across their gills and in salt concentrated urine. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 9 | |
Which of the following structures would be most likely to permit an animal to drink ocean water? |
| | A) | Kidneys |
| | B) | Gills |
| | C) | Alveoli |
| | D) | Nephrostomes |
| | E) | Salt glands |
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| 10 | |
Which of the following statements about adaptations to osmotic challenges is correct? |
| | A) | Most marine invertebrates are osmoconformers, but all marine vertebrates are osmoregulators. |
| | B) | Osmoregulation requires a small expenditure of energy relative to osmoconformation. |
| | C) | Animals that are tolerant of dramatic changes in the salinity of their surroundings are referred to as stenohaline. |
| | D) | An animal which migrates between marine and freshwater environments would most likely be euryhaline. |
| | E) | All of the statements about adaptations to osmotic challenges are correct. |
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| 11 | |
Match the animal on the left with the appropriate excretory system on the right.
| i: insects | a: Protonephridial | | ii: annelids | b: malphigian | | iii: flatowrms | c: Metanephridial |
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| | A) | i = c; ii = a; iii = b |
| | B) | i = b; ii = c; iii = a |
| | C) | i = c; ii = b; iii = a |
| | D) | i = b; ii = a; iii = c |
| | E) | i = a; ii = b; iii = c |
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| 12 | |
True or False: Virtually all vertebrates excrete urine that is hyperosmotic to body fluids, while virtually all invertebrates excrete urine that is hypo-osmotic to body fluids. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following marine vertebrates would be least likely to drink seawater? |
| | A) | Pelicans |
| | B) | Tortoises |
| | C) | Blue whales |
| | D) | Anchovies |
| | E) | All of the marine vertebrates are equally likely to drink seawater. |
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| 14 | |
Which of the following structures would be least likely found in a renal corpuscle? |
| | A) | Glomerular capillaries |
| | B) | Bowman's capsule |
| | C) | Bowman's space |
| | D) | Podocytes |
| | E) | All of the choices are equally likely to be found in a renal corpuscle. |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following types of blood vessels would most likely be surrounding the loop of Henle? |
| | A) | Peritubular capillaries |
| | B) | Efferent arterioles |
| | C) | Glomerular capillaries |
| | D) | Vasa recta capillaries |
| | E) | Afferent arterioles |
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| 16 | |
True or False: In a mammalian kidney, glucose is typically reabsorbed in the proximal tubule via an active transport mechanism. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 17 | |
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is |
| | A) | highly permeable to both water and solutes. |
| | B) | more permeable to water than to solutes. |
| | C) | more permeable to solutes than to water. |
| | D) | highly impermeable to both water and solutes. |
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| 18 | |
The osmolarity of tubule fluid in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle __________, and the osmolarity of tubule fluid in the collecting ducts ___________. |
| | A) | decreases; stays constant |
| | B) | stays constant; increases |
| | C) | increases; decreases |
| | D) | increases; stays constant |
| | E) | decreases; increases |
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| 19 | |
An increase in activity of aldosterone would most likely lead to an increase in __________ levels in the urine and a decrease in ____________ levels in the bloodstream. |
| | A) | Na+; Na+ |
| | B) | Na+; K+ |
| | C) | K+; Na+ |
| | D) | K+; K+ |
| | E) | Na+ and K+ levels would increase in both urine and blood. |
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| 20 | |
True or False: For patients with reversible, temporary kidney disorders, hemodialysis is a common treatment, but for patients with permanent kidney disease, the treatment of choice is kidney transplantation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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