| convergent thinking | Thinking that produces one correct answer; characteristic of the kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests
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| divergent thinking | Thinking that produces many answers to the same question; characteristic of creativity
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| dyslexia | Learning disability that involves a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell
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| gifted | Having above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for a particular domain
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| inclusion | Full-time education in the regular classroom for a child who has special education needs
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| intelligence | Problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from and adapt to the experiences of everyday life
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| mental retardation | Condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70, on a traditional test of intelligence and has difficulty adapting to everyday life
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| phonics approach | Idea that reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
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| triarchic theory of intelligence | Sternberg's theory that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence
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| whole-language approach | Approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children's natural language learning; reading materials should be whole and meaningful
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