| Analects
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The book of sayings of Confucius.
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| Five Classics
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The classical literature of the time preceding Confucius, including poetry, history, and divination.
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| Four Books
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The major Confucian books, which include sayings of Confucius and Mencius.
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| junzi
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"Noble person," the refined human ideal of Confucianism.
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| Laozi
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The legendary founder of Taoism.
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| Legalists
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The strictest of Chinese philosophical schools, which advocated strong laws and punishments.
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| li
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Appropriate action, ritual, propriety, etiquette.
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| Mohists
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A Chinese school of philosophy that taught universal love.
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| qi
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The life force.
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| ren
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Empathy, consideration for others, humaneness; a Confucian virtue.
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| shu
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Reciprocity; a Confucian virtue.
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| Tao
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The mysterious origin of the universe that is present and visible in everything (Wade-Giles transcription).
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| Tao Te Ching
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The classic scripture of Taoism (Wade-Giles transcription).
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| wen
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Cultural refinement; a Confucian virtue
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| wu wei
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"No action," "no strain"; doing only what comes spontaneously and naturally; effortlessly.
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| xiao
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Family devotion, filial piety; a Confucian virtue.
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| yang
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The active aspect of reality that expresses itself in speech, light and heat.
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| Yi Jing
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An ancient Confucian book of divination, one of the Five Classics, still in use today.
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| yin
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The receptive aspect of the universe that expresses itself in silence darkness, coolness and rest.
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| Zhuangzi
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Arthor of a book of whimsical stories that express themes of early Taoist thought.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education