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1 | |
Which of the following general chemical categories is not represented by a group of hormones? (p. 287) |
| | A) | catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
| | B) | polypeptides and glycoproteins |
| | C) | nucleic acids |
| | D) | steroids |
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2 | |
Which of the following does not accurately describe the steroid hormones? (p. 287) |
| | A) | Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol molecules as a raw material. |
| | B) | Steroid hormones are lipophilic, lipid-like molecules not soluble in water. |
| | C) | Steroid hormones include the prostaglandins. |
| | D) | Steroid hormones include the sex hormones and corticosteroids. |
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3 | |
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex? (p. 287) |
| | A) | corticosteroids: aldosterone and cortisol among others |
| | B) | thyroxine |
| | C) | epinephrine and norepinephrine catecholamines |
| | D) | ADH and oxytocin |
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4 | |
Which of the following hormones contain the element iodine? (p. 289) |
| | A) | triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) |
| | B) | catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
| | C) | sex steroids |
| | D) | corticosteroids |
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5 | |
The hormones that are small, nonpolar and can be taken orally, yet are not steroids are (p. 288) |
| | A) | prostaglandins |
| | B) | estrogen and progesterone |
| | C) | insulin and glucagon |
| | D) | thryoid hormones (T3 and T4) |
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6 | |
Which statement about prohormones is false? Prohormones (p. 289) |
| | A) | are often derived from prehormones |
| | B) | include proinsulin from the endocrine beta cells of the pancreas |
| | C) | are usually more active than the final hormones themselves |
| | D) | are usually longer chained molecules than those of the final hormones |
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7 | |
Whether a molecule acts as a neurotransmitter or a hormone, which statement about physiological regulation by these molecules is false? (p. 290) |
| | A) | Target cells must have specific receptor proteins with which these molecules combine. |
| | B) | When these molecules bind to target cells, specific sequences of changes must occur. |
| | C) | There must be an "off-switch" that will stop the induced changes. |
| | D) | Second messengers will always be involved in the response of the target cell |
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8 | |
Which of the following does not describe the synergistic effects of hormones? (p. 290) |
| | A) | two or more hormones working together to produce a particular result |
| | B) | effects that may be additive or complementary |
| | C) | effects that enhance the activity of a second hormone at a target |
| | D) | the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine on the heart rate |
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9 | |
Between which of the following hormone pairs is the interaction between hormones not an example of the permissive effect of a first hormone for a second hormone? (p. 290) |
| | A) | estrogen for prolactin on the mammary glands during pregnancy |
| | B) | parathyroid hormone (PTH) for vitamin D3 on blood Ca2+ levels |
| | C) | estrogen for progesterone on the uterus |
| | D) | glucocorticoids for catecholamine actions |
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10 | |
The half-life of most hormones ranges from (p. 291) |
| | A) | seconds to minutes |
| | B) | minutes to hours |
| | C) | hours to days |
| | D) | days to weeks |
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11 | |
The pulsatile (noncontinuous) secretion of hormones (p. 291) |
| | A) | describes how many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are released |
| | B) | is needed to prevent upregulation of target cells |
| | C) | describes the use of anabolic steroids (synthetic androgens) by athletes |
| | D) | prolongs the half-life of a given hormone |
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12 | |
The receptors for steroid hormones are found here. (p. 292) |
| | A) | receptor proteins within the nucleus of the target cell |
| | B) | receptor proteins within the cytoplasm of the target cell |
| | C) | receptor proteins on the outer surface of the target cell membrane |
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13 | |
The receptors for thyroid hormones are found here. (p. 292) |
| | A) | receptor proteins within the nucleus of the target cell |
| | B) | receptor proteins within the cytoplasm of the target cell |
| | C) | receptor proteins on the outer surface of the target cell membrane |
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14 | |
The receptors for catecholamine and polypeptide hormones are found here. (p. 292) |
| | A) | receptor proteins within the nucleus of the target cell |
| | B) | receptor proteins within the cytoplasm of the target cell |
| | C) | receptor proteins on the outer surface of the target cell membrane |
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15 | |
Which statement about thyroxine is false? (p. 293) |
| | A) | It is the major hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; also known as triiodothyronine, or T3. |
| | B) | About 99.96% of thyroxine is attached to carrier proteins in the plasma and the rest is free. |
| | C) | Its carrier protein in the blood is named thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and has a high affinity for thyroxine. |
| | D) | It is not the active thyroid hormone that acts within the target cells. |
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16 | |
The membrane enzyme that is activated by G-protein subunits to catalyze the synthesis of cAMP as the second messenger of target cells is (p. 295) |
| | A) | protein kinase |
| | B) | phosphodiesterase |
| | C) | adenylate cyclase |
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17 | |
The normally inactive enzyme that becomes active, catalyzing the phosphorylation of proteins, when newly formed cAMP binds to it, is known as (p. 295) |
| | A) | protein kinase |
| | B) | phosphodiesterase |
| | C) | adenylate cyclase |
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18 | |
The enzyme that inactivates the second messenger cAMP by hydrolyzing it into inactive fragments. (p. 295) |
| | A) | protein kinase |
| | B) | phosphodiesterase |
| | C) | adenylate cyclase |
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19 | |
Which of the following does not describe the cytoplasmic protein, calmodulin? (p. 296) |
| | A) | It binds to the alpha subunit of membrane G-proteins to produce effects. |
| | B) | The ultimate function of this protein may be stimulated by the actions of phospholipase C. |
| | C) | It is activated by Ca2+ entering the cytoplasm from the endoplasmic reticulum or from outside the cell. |
| | D) | It activates specific protein kinase enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins to affect target cell activity. |
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20 | |
Which of the following is not part of the adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary gland? (p. 299) |
| | A) | pars distalis |
| | B) | pars nervosa |
| | C) | pars tuberalis |
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21 | |
The hormone that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and the production of sperm in the testes of males, is (p. 300) |
| | A) | growth hormone (GH, or somatotropin) |
| | B) | thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, or thyrotropin) |
| | C) | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, or corticotropin) |
| | D) | follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, or folliculotropin) |
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22 | |
The hormone secreted in both males and females, that plays a supporting role in the regulation of the male reproductive system by the gonadotropin (FSH and LH) and acts on the kidneys to help regulate water and electrolyte balance (p. 300) |
| | A) | adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, or corticotropin) |
| | B) | luteinizing hormone (LH, or luteotropin) |
| | C) | prolactin (PRL) |
| | D) | interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) |
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23 | |
The anterior pituitary hormone associated with dwarfism, gigantism, pituitary cachexia, and acromegaly is (p. 301) |
| | A) | FSH |
| | B) | GH |
| | C) | ACTH |
| | D) | TSH |
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24 | |
The supraoptic nuclei and paraventricular nuclei are significant clusters of cell bodies because they synthesize two very important hormones, called (p. 301) |
| | A) | LH and FSH |
| | B) | GH and ACTH |
| | C) | TSH and prolactin |
| | D) | oxytocin and ADH |
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25 | |
Which of the following is not a feature characteristic of the anterior pituitary? (p. 301) |
| | A) | It synthesizes and releases tropic hormones. |
| | B) | It is controlled by releasing and inhibiting hormones secreted from the hypothalamus. |
| | C) | It serves as the terminal end of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. |
| | D) | Its hormones may influence other endocrine glands, that, in turn, secrete other hormones. |
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26 | |
The two inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are (p. 303) |
| | A) | GnRH and PIH |
| | B) | TRH and CRH |
| | C) | GnRH and GRH |
| | D) | PIH and somatostatin |
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27 | |
A rare, but classic positive feedback effect is demonstrated by (p. 304) |
| | A) | increased TSH production when absence of dietary iodine causes goiter. |
| | B) | increased estradiol, causing the blood levels of LH to "surge" in females at ovulation. |
| | C) | increased GnRH and FSH hormones following testes removal (castration) in males. |
| | D) | increased ACTH from Addison's disease, causing increased cortisol secretion . |
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28 | |
Which of the statements about the adrenal cortex is false? (p. 305) |
| | A) | It is derived from mesoderm tissue in the embryo. |
| | B) | It is stimulated by the hormone ACTH secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. |
| | C) | It secretes the catecholamine hormones - mostly epinephrine. |
| | D) | It is divided into three zones - an outer, middle, and inner zone, that appear to have different functions. |
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29 | |
Which hormones are not secreted by the adrenal cortex? (p. 306) |
| | A) | aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids |
| | B) | sex steroids: weak androgens and some estrogens |
| | C) | hydrocortisone and other glucocorticoids |
| | D) | epinephrine and some norepinephrine catecholamines |
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30 | |
Which statement about aldosterone is false? (p. 306) |
| | A) | It is the most potent adrenal glucocorticoid hormone. |
| | B) | It is produced by the zona glomerulosa region of the adrenal cortex. |
| | C) | Its secretion is controlled by alterations in blood volume and electrolyte balance. |
| | D) | Its lack in Addison's disease may lead to electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, and death, if not treated. |
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31 | |
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) does not include (p. 308) |
| | A) | exhaustion, sickness, or death if adaptations or corrective changes aren't made |
| | B) | activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis causing an initial alarm reaction |
| | C) | the formation of a tumor of the adrenal medulla (pheochromocytoma) that secretes large amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| | D) | a stage of resistance or readjustment to the demands of the stressors |
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32 | |
Which function of glucocorticoids such as hydrocortisone, is best related to the suggestion that prolonged stress results in an increased incidence of cancer and other diseases? (p. 308) |
| | A) | They stimulate an increase in heart rate and in cardiac output. |
| | B) | They cause generalized vasoconstriction that elevates blood pressure. |
| | C) | They stimulate the secretion of aldosterone hormones that regulates blood volume and electrolyte balance. |
| | D) | They can inhibit the ability of the immune system to protect against disease. |
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33 | |
Which statement about thyroid hormones is false? (p. 309) |
| | A) | Thyroxine is synthesized by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called follicular cells. |
| | B) | Thyroxine is very soluble in water and therefore easily soluble in the bloodstream. |
| | C) | Calcitonin is a hormone produced by parafollicular cells located outside the follicles. |
| | D) | Thyroxine is ultimately formed from the amino acid, L-tyrosine. |
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34 | |
Which statement about the parathyroid glands is false? (p. 312) |
| | A) | They usually include four small paired (superior and inferior) glands. |
| | B) | They are embedded in the posterior surfaces of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland. |
| | C) | They secrete many hormones including parathyroid hormone (PTH), among others. |
| | D) | PTH acts on tissues such as bone, kidney, and intestines to raise the levels of calcium in the blood. |
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35 | |
Which statement about glucagon is false? (p. 313) |
| | A) | It is a hormone secreted by the alpha cells within the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. |
| | B) | It is a hormone that is secreted when blood glucose levels are low. |
| | C) | As a hormone it stimulates both glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) and fat breakdown (lipolysis.) |
| | D) | It is a hormone that is secreted after eating a meal. |
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36 | |
Which statement about the disease, diabetes mellitus is false? (p. 314) |
| | A) | It is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia and the presence of glucose in the urine. |
| | B) | Type I, or insulin-dependent diabetes is the more common form. |
| | C) | Type II, or non-insulin-dependent diabetes is caused by decreased tissue sensitivity to the effects of insulin so that more is required for normal effect. |
| | D) | Type I diabetes is caused by the destruction of beta cells that produce insulin. |
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37 | |
The hormone insulin (p. 314) |
| | A) | is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. |
| | B) | promotes the entry of glucose and amino acids into tissue cells. |
| | C) | promotes the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) and fat (lipolysis). |
| | D) | levels fall immediately after a meal is eaten. |
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38 | |
Which statement about melatonin is false? (p. 314) |
| | A) | It is secreted by the pineal gland located in the roof of the third ventricle. |
| | B) | Its secretion is highest in children aged one to five and decreases thereafter. |
| | C) | It may have an important role in the onset of puberty. |
| | D) | More is secreted in the daytime than at night. |
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39 | |
Which statement about the testes is false? (p. 315) |
| | A) | The seminiferous tubules produce sperm, the male gamete. |
| | B) | The interstitial cells (Leydig cells) secrete the primary androgen, estradiol-17β. |
| | C) | Testosterone is needed for the development of the male sex accessory organs, that include the prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, and vas deferens. |
| | D) | Testosterone is required for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. |
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40 | |
During the normal menstrual cycle in females (p. 316) |
| | A) | the hormone, progesterone is secreted in greatest amounts during the first half of the cycle. |
| | B) | many follicles within the ovary will undergo ovulation each month. |
| | C) | luteinizing hormone converts the empty follicle into a corpus luteum, a new structure which secretes both progesterone and estradiol-17β |
| | D) | that critical event, ovulation, occurs at the end of each cycle |
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41 | |
Which hormone is not secreted by the endocrine tissues of the human placenta? (p. 316) |
| | A) | prolactin |
| | B) | estrogens |
| | C) | progesterone |
| | D) | human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
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42 | |
Which of the following specific regulators belong to the group of molecules called lymphokines that are produced by lymphocytes (WBC) and are involved in specific immunity? (p. 317) |
| | A) | bradykinins |
| | B) | endothelins |
| | C) | neurotrophins |
| | D) | interleukins |
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43 | |
Which of the following autocrine regulatory molecules was previously known as endothelium-derived relaxation factor due to its action on the smooth muscle layer of blood vessels? (p. 317) |
| | A) | lymphokines |
| | B) | nitric oxide |
| | C) | bradykinin |
| | D) | endothelin-1 |
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44 | |
Which statement about prostaglandins is false? (p. 318) |
| | A) | They are twenty-carbon-long fatty acids containing a five-membered carbon ring. |
| | B) | They are derived from arachidonic acid released from phospholipids in the cell membrane. |
| | C) | They are later converted into leukotrienes. |
| | D) | They are produced in almost every organ and have been implicated in a wide variety of regulatory functions. |
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45 | |
Prostaglandins (p. 318) |
| | A) | are produced by only a few very specific tissues and organs in the body. |
| | B) | are involved in only a few very highly specialized regulatory functions. |
| | C) | include those that are blood vessel vasoconstrictors and others that are vasodilators. |
| | D) | always produce the same effects, even when acting on different tissues of the body. |
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46 | |
Which regulatory function is not listed in the discussion of prostaglandin actions? (p. 318) |
| | A) | pain and fever control during the inflammatory response |
| | B) | growth and development of skeletal muscles and long bones during growth spurts |
| | C) | regulation of stomach secretions, intestinal motility, and fluid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract |
| | D) | regulation of blood flow in the kidney and thus, some control of urine volume and content |
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47 | |
Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are involved in many activities; however, they do not (p. 319) |
| | A) | produce their effects by specifically inhibiting the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme. |
| | B) | produce some unwanted side effects, like gastric bleeding and prolonged clotting time. |
| | C) | increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes by increasing the aggregation of platelets. |
| | D) | reduce the synthesis of specific prostaglandin, such as prostacyclin. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education