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1 | |
A list of endocrine glands should include the heart, liver, hypothalamus, and kidneys since these organs all secrete hormones that affect target cells around the body. (p. 286) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | |
Although these hormones are not steroids, T3 and T4 are small and nonpolar; and thus can be taken orally without being inactivated by enzymes in the digestive tract. (p. 289) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | |
In most respects the actions of neurotransmitters and hormones on their target cells are distinctly different. (p. 290) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | |
The same molecule can be found serving as a neurotransmitter in one part of the body and as a hormone in another part of the body. (p. 290) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | |
Secreted hormones generally do not remain in the bloodstream and accumulate since they are rapidly removed by the liver or the target organs themselves. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
To help excrete "old'' steroid hormones in urine and bile, the liver converts them into more polar water-soluble metabolites. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | |
A "physiological'" dose refers to an abnormally high concentration of a substance--more than is normally present in the bloodstream. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
A pharmacological dose of the sex steroids is present in contraceptive pills. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
The priming effect of hormones may actually decrease the number of receptor proteins in their target cells, causing downregulation. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
To prevent desensitization of receptors from occurring under normal circumstances, many polypeptide and glycoprotein hormones are secreted in a pulsatile fashion, rather than being secreted continuously. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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11 | |
Hormones are delivered by the blood to every cell in the body, but only the target cells with specific receptor proteins for that hormone are able to respond. (p. 292) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
Hormones bind to receptor proteins with high capacity and low affinity. (p. 292) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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13 | |
Because they are polar and thus water-soluble, steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream bound to plasma carrier proteins. (p. 292) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | |
Steroid hormones attach to cytoplasmic receptor proteins of target cells that translocate to the nucleus to direct the production of specific new proteins through genetic transcription and translation. (p. 292) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
Cyclic AMP activates previously inactive protein kinase enzymes to modulate the activity of other inactive enzymes already present in the target cell. (p. 295) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
Caffeine (in coffee) and theophylline (in tea) act as phosphodiesterase inhibitors that produce their effects such as relaxing the smooth muscle fibers of the respiratory bronchioles by causing a rise in the cAMP concentrations within target tissue cells. (p. 296) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
The regulatory molecule nitric oxide (NO) helps to relax the smooth muscle of blood vessels causing vasodilation by activating the second messenger, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). (p. 296) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
Calcium ions (Ca2+) inside the cell may act as second messengers where very high intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ are maintained by active transport membrane pumps. (p. 297) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
Stimulation of the α-adrenergic receptors by epinephrine results in activation of adenylate cyclase and the production of cAMP; whereas stimulation of β-adrenergic receptors activate the Ca2+ second-messenger system. (p. 297) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
Two different hormones can act on the same target cell and produce different result with one activating cAMP production and the other activating the phospholipase C-IP3-Ca2+-calmodulin system. (p. 297) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
The anterior pituitary develops as a down growth of the brain, while the posterior pituitary is derived from embryonic epithelium from Rathke's pouch. (p. 299) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | |
The term often added as a suffix to the name of hormones such as those from the anterior pituitary is trophic which means "food," often shortened to tropic which means "attracted to."(p. 300) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
The pars nervosa of the pituitary gland is poorly understood, producing different forms of melanocyte-stimulating-hormone (MSH) and large amounts of β-endorphin. (p. 284) |
| | A) | TRUE |
| | B) | FALSE |
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24 | |
The axons of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract join the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. (p. 301) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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25 | |
The anterior lobe of the pituitary is more a storage organ for hormones than a true gland. (p.300) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | |
If any tissue deserves the title, the hypothalamus rather than the anterior pituitary should be considered the true "master gland'' in the body. (p. 301) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system, transporting releasing and inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus toward specific target cells in the adenohypophysis. (p. 303) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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28 | |
Anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH, TSH, and the gonadotropins (FSH and LH) is controlled by negative feedback loops from hormones produced by target cells. (p. 304) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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29 | |
During the menstrual cycle, rising levels of estradiol cause a temporary "surge" in the blood levels of LH that results in ovulation of an ovum from the graafian follicle - an example of positive feedback control of target gland secretion. (p. 305) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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30 | |
The synchronization of female menstrual cycles (the "dormitory effect") and circadian rhythms ("about a day") are good examples of the influence of higher brain centers on the anterior pituitary-adrenal gland interaction, or axis. (p. 305) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
The adrenal medulla is derived from embryonic mesoderm, whereas the adrenal cortex is derived from embryonic neural (ectoderm) tissue. (p. 305) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
When individuals are under stressful conditions, there is increased secretion of ACTH and, thus, increased secretion of adrenal corticosteroids. (p. 308) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
Many pleasant life changes such as marriage, graduation, or job promotion can be forms of "stress", thereby activating the pituitary-adrenal axis and causing an increase in the secretions of ACTH and corticosteroid hormones. (p. 308) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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34 | |
Hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla are expected to increase cardiac rate and cardiac output, respiratory rate, and other major functions. (p. 307) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | |
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal cortex, releasing large quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine. (p. 307) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | |
The thyroid gland is the only gland in the body that expends metabolic energy in the active transport of iron atoms from the blood and into the colloid of the thyroid follicles. (p. 308) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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37 | |
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) can be defined as the minimum number of calories burned or expended by the body just to stay alive (without activity). (p. 309) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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38 | |
Undersecretion of thyroxine (hypothyroidism) in infants results in myxedema, whereas hypothyroidism in adults causes cretinism. (p. 312) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
Graves' disease, or toxic goiter, is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are made that act like TSH and abnormally stimulate the thyroid gland. (p. 311) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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40 | |
Between the follicles of the thyroid gland are epithelial cells called parafollicular cells that secrete the hormone known as calcitonin (or thyrocalcitonin). (p. 309) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | |
When most of the patient's thyroid gland is surgically removed, the blood levels of thyroxine drop rapidly since it has an extremely short half-life. (p. 291) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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42 | |
The major action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is to control the iodine levels of the blood and thereby control the secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid glands. (p. 312) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | |
The secretion of hormones makes the pancreas endocrine, and the secretion of pancreatic "juice" into the digestive system makes the pancreas also exocrine. (p. 313) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Glucagon is a hormone that is active when an individual is fasting or starving, stimulating the hydrolysis of stored fat (lipolysis) and liver glycogen (glycogenolysis) so that fuel levels will rise in the blood, providing energy to the cells. (p. 313) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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45 | |
After a meal, glucagon secretion is decreased and insulin secretion is increased - an example of the antagonistic action of hormones. (p. 313) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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46 | |
The pineal gland is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. (p. 314) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | |
After the age of seven, the pineal gland begins to shrink and in an adult appears as a thickened strand of fibrous tissue. (p. 314) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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48 | |
The pineal gland and the release of its principal hormone, melatonin, is controlled by sympathetic neurons projecting from the hypothalamus. (p. 314) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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49 | |
The hormone melatonin has been implicated in many physiological processes such as jet lag and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) or "winter depression." (p. 314) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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50 | |
The thymus gland secretes the hormone, melatonin, that may have a role in maturation of gonads in some species and the onset of puberty in humans. (p. 315) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
The thymus serves as the site for production of B-type lymphocytes (B cells) that are involved in cell-mediated immunity. (p. 315) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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52 | |
Both the stomach and small intestine secrete a number of hormones that act locally and on tissues of the pancreas and gallbladder. (p. 315) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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53 | |
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a hormone secreted by the placenta that is similar in its action to both growth hormone and prolactin. (p. 316) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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54 | |
In males, the interstitial tissues produce sperm and the seminiferous tubules secrete testosterone. (p. 316) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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55 | |
Neurotransmitters can no longer be distinguished from hormones by their chemical structures; they must, instead, be separated by their actions, or functions. (p. 317) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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56 | |
Paracrine regulators can be defined as regulatory molecules that are produced by a given tissue of an organ and then act within the same tissue of that organ. (p. 317) |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education