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1 | |
Which of the following is not a broad area of function within the circulatory system? (p. 366) |
| | A) | neurochemical release |
| | B) | transportation |
| | C) | regulation |
| | D) | protection |
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2 | |
Which substances involved in cellular metabolism are not normally transported by the circulatory system? (p. 366) |
| | A) | respiratory gas molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| | B) | absorbed products of digestion |
| | C) | Krebs cycle enzymes |
| | D) | metabolic wastes, water and ions |
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3 | |
How many liters of blood does the adult heart pump each minute at rest? (p. 366) |
| | A) | three |
| | B) | five |
| | C) | seven |
| | D) | nine |
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4 | |
The thinnest and most numerous of all blood vessels are the (p. 367) |
| | A) | arteries |
| | B) | arterioles |
| | C) | capillaries |
| | D) | veins |
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5 | |
The specific blood vessels that receive lymph after it has drained from throughout the body and is about to rejoin blood are the _____ . (p. 367) |
| | A) | arteries |
| | B) | arterioles |
| | C) | capillaries |
| | D) | veins |
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6 | |
The "buffy coat" that forms when whole blood is centrifuged in a test tube, is composed of (p. 367) |
| | A) | red blood cells |
| | B) | white blood cells |
| | C) | platelets |
| | D) | white blood cells and platelets |
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7 | |
A normal hematocrit value of 45 means that (p. 367) |
| | A) | 45% of the formed elements are erythrocytes |
| | B) | there are 45 million formed elements per ml of whole blood |
| | C) | 45% of the total blood volume is formed elements |
| | D) | 45 ml of plasma are tested by centrifugation |
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8 | |
The major solute, dissolved in the plasma portion of the blood as well as the extracellular fluid (ECF), and is found in the highest concentration in both locations, is _____. (p. 368) |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | Na+ |
| | C) | K+ |
| | D) | albumin |
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9 | |
Which of the following proteins is not considered a major plasma protein? (p. 368) |
| | A) | globulin |
| | B) | insulin |
| | C) | albumin |
| | D) | fibrinogen |
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10 | |
Which statement about erythrocytes, or (RBCs), is false? (p. 368) |
| | A) | They lack both a nucleus and mitochondria organelles. |
| | B) | They outnumber leukocytes by a large margin. |
| | C) | They require dietary iron and vitamin B12 for normal production. |
| | D) | Their circulating life span is about twelve months. |
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11 | |
Pernicious anemia results in an abnormally low red blood cell count, due to (p. 369) |
| | A) | lack of iron content or iron absorption from the diet |
| | B) | destruction of the bone marrow, perhaps by chemicals in the environment or chemotherapy |
| | C) | insufficient protein in the diet in those individual suffering from malnutrition |
| | D) | inadequate vitamin B12 absorption from the diet because the intrinsic factor is absent |
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12 | |
Which of the following does not belong to the class of granular leukocytes? (p. 370) |
| | A) | neutrophil |
| | B) | basophil |
| | C) | lymphocyte |
| | D) | eosinophil |
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13 | |
Which statement about platelets is false? (p. 369) |
| | A) | They have a life span of about 120 days. |
| | B) | They are the smallest of the formed elements, derived originally from megakaryocytes. |
| | C) | During blood clotting, they release a chemical, called serotonin, that constricts blood vessels in the injured area. |
| | D) | Phospholipids in their membranes activate the clotting factors in the plasma. |
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14 | |
In general, which of the following cells has the shortest life span? (p. 370) |
| | A) | erythrocytes |
| | B) | platelets |
| | C) | agranular leukocytes |
| | D) | granular leukocytes |
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15 | |
Which of the following cells is present in the blood in greatest numbers? (p. 370) |
| | A) | erythrocytes |
| | B) | platelets |
| | C) | agranular leukocytes |
| | D) | granular leukocytes |
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16 | |
Which of the following leukocytes is the rarest, with counts less than 1% of white cells present?(p. 370) |
| | A) | neutrophils |
| | B) | eosinophils |
| | C) | basophils |
| | D) | lymphocytes |
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17 | |
In the ABO system of red blood cell typing, which of the following genotypes is not possible?(p. 372) |
| | A) | iiii |
| | B) | IAi |
| | C) | IBi |
| | D) | IAIB |
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18 | |
A person whose blood genotype is IBi has red blood cells with ____ antigens bound to the outer membrane surface and anti-____ antibodies floating in the plasma. (p. 373) |
| | A) | B; B |
| | B) | B; A |
| | C) | A; A |
| | D) | A; B |
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19 | |
Which statement about erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) is false?(p. 374) |
| | A) | The baby is Rh positive and the mother is Rh negative. |
| | B) | The mother's immune system has made antibodies against the Rh factor present on the red blood cells of the previous baby. |
| | C) | The baby is born with an abnormally high number of red blood cells (anemia). |
| | D) | The Rh negative mother should have been given RhoGAM (antibodies) by injection. |
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20 | |
Which of the following events does not occur during the process of hemostasis (to stop bleeding) after a blood vessel becomes injured? (p. 374) |
| | A) | The endothelial lining is damaged, exposing collagen proteins to the blood. |
| | B) | The injured blood vessel is dilated by newly released chemicals to let in defense cells. |
| | C) | Platelets become "sticky" and a platelet plug is formed near the injury site. |
| | D) | A web of fibrin protein strands tightly interweave the platelet plug. |
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21 | |
The endothelial cells of the blood vessel produce two important chemicals involved in hemostasis - prostacyclin and ____. (p. 374) |
| | A) | serotonin |
| | B) | von Willebrand factor |
| | C) | ADP |
| | D) | thromboxane A2 |
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22 | |
The most important ion involved in the blood clotting sequences is (p. 376) |
| | A) | Na+ |
| | B) | Ca2+ |
| | C) | K+ |
| | D) | H+ |
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23 | |
The final step in blood clot formation is the conversion of (p. 376) |
| | A) | factor XII to factor XI |
| | B) | factor VII to factor X |
| | C) | fibrinogen to fibrin |
| | D) | prothrombin to thrombin |
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24 | |
The vitamin that has an indirect action on blood clotting through its metabolic effects involving glutamic acid is vitamin _____. (p. 376) |
| | A) | K |
| | B) | C |
| | C) | B12 |
| | D) | D |
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25 | |
Which of the following chemicals is not an anticoagulant? (p. 376) |
| | A) | citrate |
| | B) | EDTA (chelator) |
| | C) | heparin |
| | D) | bradykinin |
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26 | |
Which statement regarding acid-base balance in the body is false? (p. 377) |
| | A) | Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is the major buffer in the blood plasma. |
| | B) | The lungs and kidneys are the two organs most responsible for maintaining a constant body pH. |
| | C) | Normal blood plasma pH is maintained at 7.4 with a range of 7.35 to 7.45. |
| | D) | All acids in the body are not gases and therefore are considered nonvolatile acids. |
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27 | |
In metabolic acidosis (p. 375) |
| | A) | the production of nonvolatile acids is abnormally increased. |
| | B) | the production of CO2 exceeds its loss through ventilation at the lungs. |
| | C) | severe vomiting is usually evident. |
| | D) | the cause can be attributed to an increase in bicarbonate ion concentration in the blood. |
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28 | |
In respiratory alkalosis (p. 377) |
| | A) | the blood pH usually falls below 7.35. |
| | B) | the rate of respirations are slowed fast (hyperventilation). |
| | C) | both the blood levels of PCO2 and HCO3- levels are unusually high. |
| | D) | the cause can be attributed to prolonged breath holding maneuvers. |
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29 | |
Within the pulmonary circulation, the (p. 379) |
| | A) | pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood |
| | B) | pulmonary veins carry blood toward the lung capillaries |
| | C) | blood returning to the left atrium of the heart is oxygen-poor |
| | D) | oxygen from the blood diffuses into the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs |
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30 | |
The atrioventricular (AV) valve (p. 379) |
| | A) | between the right atrium and right ventricle is known as the bicuspid. |
| | B) | between the left atrium and left ventricle is known as the tricuspid. |
| | C) | called the mitral valve is also known as the bicuspid valve. |
| | D) | normally prevents the backflow of blood from the atria to the ventricles. |
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31 | |
The semilunar valves (p. 380) |
| | A) | prevent the backward flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria. |
| | B) | are open during relaxation (diastole) phase of the ventricles. |
| | C) | are held tightly closed by papillary muscles and chordae tendineae. |
| | D) | direct blood ejected from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. |
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32 | |
The terms "systole" and "diastole" refer, respectively, to the (p. 381) |
| | A) | contraction phase and relaxation phase of the atria |
| | B) | relaxation phase and contraction phase of the atria |
| | C) | contraction phase and relaxation phase of the ventricles |
| | D) | relaxation phase and contraction phase of the ventricles |
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33 | |
During normal ventricular contraction what fraction of the end-diastolic volume is ejected as the stroke volume? (p. 381) |
| | A) | one-fourth |
| | B) | one-third |
| | C) | one-half |
| | D) | two-thirds |
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34 | |
At rest, each complete cardiac cycle lasts about 0.8 seconds - of which systole lasts ____ seconds and diastole lasts ____ seconds. (p. 381) |
| | A) | 0.3; 0.5 |
| | B) | 0.4; 0.4 |
| | C) | 0.1; 0.7 |
| | D) | 0.6; 0.2 |
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35 | |
During one cardiac cycle, the major difference between the left and the right halves of the heart is that the (p. 381) |
| | A) | left heart pumps a lesser volume of blood than the right heart |
| | B) | right heart contracts shortly before the left heart |
| | C) | right heart pumps blood with less force (at lower pressure) than the left heart |
| | D) | left heart has a shorter cardiac cycle duration than the right heart |
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36 | |
The first heart sound results from vibrations generated by the (p. 382) |
| | A) | opening of the AV valves at the start of diastole |
| | B) | closing of the AV valves at the start of systole |
| | C) | opening of the semilunar valves at the start of systole |
| | D) | closing of the semilunar valves at the start of diastole |
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37 | |
In mitral stenosis, the mitral valve becomes thickened and calcified, interfering with the flow of blood from the (p. 383) |
| | A) | right atrium to the right ventricle. |
| | B) | right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. |
| | C) | left atrium to the left ventricle. |
| | D) | left ventricle into the aorta. |
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38 | |
Congenital septal defects are holes that form in the septum during the embryonic development of the heart - resulting in the abnormal flow of blood from (p. 384) |
| | A) | the right side of the heart to the left. |
| | B) | the left side of the heart to the right. |
| | C) | the pulmonary artery to the aorta. |
| | D) | the ductus arteriosus to the aorta. |
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39 | |
The sinoatrial (SA) node region of the right atrium is the normal pacemaker of the heart because this region (p. 385) |
| | A) | can form action potentials that can spread throughout the rest of the heart. |
| | B) | depolarizes to its threshold potential before other cardiac regions. |
| | C) | forms a functional syncytium, transmitting action potentials to neighboring cardiac fibers. |
| | D) | is most likely to form an ectopic focus. |
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40 | |
Action potentials in myocardial cells have a characteristic plateau phase, which is caused primarily by the (p. 386) |
| | A) | slow outward diffusion of Na+ |
| | B) | fast inward diffusion of Na+ |
| | C) | fast outward diffusion of Ca2+ |
| | D) | slow inward diffusion of Ca2+ |
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41 | |
Which statement about the normal electrocardiogram (ECG) is false? (p. 387) |
| | A) | Lead I is a recording of the heart's electrical activity from the right arm to the left arm. |
| | B) | The unipolar leads are found only on the chest. |
| | C) | There are a total of twelve standard ECG leads that "view" the changing pattern of the heart's electrical activity. |
| | D) | There are six unipolar chest leads. |
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42 | |
Which statement about the normal electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing is false? (p. 388) |
| | A) | The T wave represents depolarization of the atria. |
| | B) | The QRS wave represents depolarization of the ventricles. |
| | C) | The repolarization of the atria is hidden by the QRS wave. |
| | D) | The P wave occurs shortly before the QRS wave. |
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43 | |
The second heart sound (S2) is heard as the electrocardiogram displays the (p. 391) |
| | A) | P wave |
| | B) | P-R interval |
| | C) | QRS wave |
| | D) | T wave |
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44 | |
The blood vessel layer composed primarily of smooth muscle is called the (p. 391) |
| | A) | tunica externa |
| | B) | tunica media |
| | C) | tunica intima |
| | D) | endothelium |
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45 | |
Which of the following statements about arteries and veins is false? (p. 391) |
| | A) | Arteries have more smooth muscle for their diameters than do comparable veins. |
| | B) | Arteries carry blood transported under higher pressure than blood carried by veins. |
| | C) | Only veins have one-way valves to promote flow in one direction. |
| | D) | Veins can collapse, serving as the blood vessel with the greatest resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system. |
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46 | |
The "business end" of the circulatory system in which the exchanges of gases and nutrients between the blood and the tissues occur, are the blood vessels called (p. 392) |
| | A) | arteries |
| | B) | arterioles |
| | C) | capillaries |
| | D) | veins |
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47 | |
The type of capillary found primarily in the central nervous system (CNS) that helps form the blood-brain barrier since it lacks intercellular channels, is called a (p. 394) |
| | A) | continuous capillary |
| | B) | discontinuous capillary |
| | C) | fenestrated capillary |
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48 | |
Which of the following mechanisms is not important in the normal return of venous blood to the heart? (p. 395) |
| | A) | the inhalation or inspiratory phase of normal breathing |
| | B) | the contractions of skeletal muscles (muscle pump) |
| | C) | the higher average hydrostatic pressure in the veins than that in the right heart chambers |
| | D) | standing upright, perfectly still |
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49 | |
Which of the following events is not considered part of the progression that occurs during long-term atherosclerosis? (p. 396) |
| | A) | Cholesterol-containing high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are engulfed by endothelial cells that display HDL receptors. |
| | B) | Gray-white "fatty streaks" protrude into the lumen of arteries and thus reduce blood flow. |
| | C) | The atheromas may serve as site for clot formation. |
| | D) | Fibrous plaques may form composed of accumulated lipids, white blood cells, and debris, covered by a cap of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells. |
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50 | |
Which statement regarding a myocardial infarction is false. (p. 398) |
| | A) | It is commonly referred to by the general public as a heart attack |
| | B) | It may be detected by changes in that portion of the ECG called the S-T segment |
| | C) | It takes time to develop since myocardial cells are adapted to respire anaerobically for several hours |
| | D) | It can be diagnosed by the abnormal release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes released from the damaged cells |
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51 | |
In which of the following abnormal conditions is the insertion of a pacemaker often required? (p. 399) |
| | A) | myocardial infarction |
| | B) | atherosclerosis |
| | C) | third-degree AV node block |
| | D) | mitral stenosis |
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52 | |
Which of the following is not a basic function of the lymphatic system? (p. 401) |
| | A) | transporting interstitial (tissue) fluid back to the blood |
| | B) | preventing varicose veins by promoting venous return of blood to the heart |
| | C) | transporting fat absorbed from the small intestine to the blood |
| | D) | provide lymphocytes to help in the defense against disease-causing agents |
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53 | |
Due to the unique structure of lymph capillaries, lymph contains all of the following substances except (p. 401) |
| | A) | proteins |
| | B) | microorganisms |
| | C) | red blood cells and platelets |
| | D) | interstitial fluid |
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54 | |
Lymph fluid eventually flows into lymphatics that merge with others from around the body and drains directly from the thoracic duct into the (p. 401) |
| | A) | subclavian veins |
| | B) | vena cava |
| | C) | aorta |
| | D) | right atrium |
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55 | |
Which of the following is not considered a lymphoid organ - an organ that contains phagocytic cells and a germinal center for the production of lymphocytes? (p. 403) |
| | A) | the thymus gland |
| | B) | the thyroid gland |
| | C) | the tonsils |
| | D) | the spleen |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education