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1 | |
Any water that is not contained within the cells is said to be part of the body's _____ compartment.(p. 24) |
| | A) | intracellular |
| | B) | extracellular |
| | C) | intravascular |
| | D) | cytoplasmic |
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2 | |
The _____ is a subatomic particle of an atom that has no electric charge.(p. 24) |
| | A) | proton |
| | B) | electron |
| | C) | neutron |
| | D) | All of these have a charge. |
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3 | |
The atomic mass of an atom is determined by the number of _____ it has.(p. 24) |
| | A) | electrons |
| | B) | protons and electrons |
| | C) | neutrons and electrons |
| | D) | protons and neutrons |
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4 | |
An electron can occupy any space within a certain ____ of an atom.(p. 24) |
| | A) | spheroid |
| | B) | orbital |
| | C) | perihelion |
| | D) | radian |
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5 | |
Only an atom's ____ electrons can participate in forming a chemical bond with another atom.(p. 24) |
| | A) | positive |
| | B) | neutral |
| | C) | innermost |
| | D) | valence |
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6 | |
A carbon atom can covalently bond to a maximum of ____ other atoms(s). (p. 24) |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | four |
| | D) | eight |
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7 | |
When a carbon atom is covalently bonded to as many other atoms as possible, its outermost orbital will contain a total number of ____ electrons. (p. 24) |
| | A) | two |
| | B) | four |
| | C) | six |
| | D) | eight |
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8 | |
Two isotopes differ from each other in their ____. (p. 24) |
| | A) | atomic number |
| | B) | number of protons |
| | C) | number of neutrons |
| | D) | number of electrons |
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9 | |
Two atoms that differ from each other only in number of neutrons are called ____.(p. 24) |
| | A) | isotopes |
| | B) | isomers |
| | C) | stereoisomers |
| | D) | isobars |
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10 | |
Two atoms form chemical bonds with each other by means of ____.(p. 25) |
| | A) | their nuclei |
| | B) | the electrons of their innermost shell |
| | C) | the electrons of their outermost shell |
| | D) | electromagnetic force |
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11 | |
Nonpolar molecules are those in which ____.(p. 26) |
| | A) | electrons are shared equally between nuclei |
| | B) | there are no protons |
| | C) | the number of neutrons equals the number of electrons |
| | D) | the number of neutrons equals the number of protons |
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12 | |
If the shared electrons of a molecule are drawn to one atom more than to the other, they are said to form a ____ bond.(p. 25) |
| | A) | polar covalent |
| | B) | nonpolar covalent |
| | C) | ionic |
| | D) | hydrogen |
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13 | |
Water is an especially good solvent for biological molecules because it is ____.(p. 26) |
| | A) | a liquid |
| | B) | polar |
| | C) | covalently bound |
| | D) | hydrated |
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14 | |
When one atom loses electrons to another and the two resulting particles are attracted to each other by their opposite charges but without sharing electrons, a/an ____ bond is created. (p. 27) |
| | A) | polar |
| | B) | hydrogen |
| | C) | covalent |
| | D) | ionic |
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15 | |
The reason ions dissolve in water is that ____ form around them.(p. 27) |
| | A) | clouds of electrons |
| | B) | hydration spheres |
| | C) | electrical fields |
| | D) | electron orbitals |
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16 | |
If an atom or molecule loses one electron, it becomes ____. (p.25) |
| | A) | a neutron |
| | B) | a cation |
| | C) | an anion |
| | D) | an ionic compound |
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17 | |
Which of the following bonds is weakest? (p. 27) |
| | A) | an ionic bond |
| | B) | a polar covalent bond |
| | C) | a nonpolar covalent bond |
| | D) | James Bond |
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18 | |
To say a molecule is hydrophobic means it ____. (p. 27) |
| | A) | dissolves easily in water |
| | B) | has nonpolar covalent bonds |
| | C) | does not dissolve in water |
| | D) | has rabies |
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19 | |
A molecule that tends to form hydration spheres around itself is said to be ____.(p. 28) |
| | A) | hydrated |
| | B) | hydrolyzed |
| | C) | hydrophilic |
| | D) | hydrophobic |
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20 | |
Which of the following is least hydrophilic? (p. 27) |
| | A) | amino acids |
| | B) | sodium chloride |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | fat |
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21 | |
Weak attractions between a negative region of one molecule and a positive region of another are called ____. (p. 27) |
| | A) | ionic bonds |
| | B) | hydrogen bonds |
| | C) | polar covalent bonds |
| | D) | hydrophilic bonds |
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22 | |
When water molecules break apart, they yield ____. (p. 28) |
| | A) | hydration spheres |
| | B) | acidic solutions |
| | C) | basic solutions |
| | D) | hydrogen and hydroxyl ions |
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23 | |
If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10-7 molar, the solution has a pH of ____.(p. 28) |
| | A) | 10-7 |
| | B) | -7 |
| | C) | 7 |
| | D) | 10.7 |
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24 | |
An acid is defined as any molecule that can ____. (p. 28) |
| | A) | stabilize the pH of a solution |
| | B) | neutralize a basic solution by binding with or absorbing protons |
| | C) | release protons into solution |
| | D) | burn the skin |
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25 | |
If solution A has a pH of 6.0 and solution B has 100 times the H+ concentration of solution A, solution B will have a pH of ____. (p. 29) |
| | A) | 4.0 |
| | B) | 8.0 |
| | C) | 600 |
| | D) | 0.06 |
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26 | |
Any solution that resists changes in H+ concentration and tends to maintain a stable pH is called a ____ solution. (p.29) |
| | A) | stabilizing |
| | B) | buffer |
| | C) | carbonic acid |
| | D) | pH |
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27 | |
Many organic molecules consist of a chain or ring to which a variety of ____ are attached. (p. 30) |
| | A) | backbones |
| | B) | hydrocarbons |
| | C) | ketones |
| | D) | functional groups |
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28 | |
Which of the following does not belong among the rest? (p. 31) |
| | A) | lipids |
| | B) | organic acids |
| | C) | ketones |
| | D) | alcohols |
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29 | |
Which of the following does not belong to the rest? (p.31) |
| | A) | amino |
| | B) | benzene |
| | C) | hydroxyl |
| | D) | carboxyl |
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30 | |
Any organic molecule with a carboxyl group on it is classified as ____.(p. 29) |
| | A) | an organic acid |
| | B) | an amino acid |
| | C) | an alcohol |
| | D) | a ketone |
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31 | |
A side group symbolized -COOH is very common among organic compounds and is called ____. (p. 31) |
| | A) | an organic acid |
| | B) | an amino acid |
| | C) | an alcohol |
| | D) | a ketone |
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32 | |
One molecule which is like a mirror image of another, having a key functional group oriented in a different direction, is called ____ of the other. (p. 29) |
| | A) | an isotope |
| | B) | a structural isomer |
| | C) | a stereoisomer |
| | D) | a stereoscope |
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33 | |
A carbohydrate consists of carbon and a ____ ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. (p. 32) |
| | A) | one-to-two (1:2) |
| | B) | one-to-one (1:1) |
| | C) | two-to-one (2:1) |
| | D) | three-to-two (3:2) |
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34 | |
Which of the following does not belong among the others? (p. 32) |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | sucrose |
| | C) | fructose |
| | D) | galactose |
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35 | |
Which of the following is a disaccharide? (p. 32) |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | glycogen |
| | C) | fructose |
| | D) | maltose |
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36 | |
Which of the following is a polysaccharide? (p. 32) |
| | A) | starch |
| | B) | sucrose |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | galactose |
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37 | |
The synthesis (production) of a protein from amino acids uses the process of ____. (p. 33) |
| | A) | conjugation |
| | B) | isomerization |
| | C) | hydrolysis |
| | D) | dehydration synthesis |
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38 | |
The generalized chemical reactions used in the process of food digestion are ____. (p. 34) |
| | A) | dehydration reactions |
| | B) | hydrolysis reactions |
| | C) | condensation reactions |
| | D) | very diverse and not categorized |
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39 | |
When starch is hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes it is not immediately broken down into glucose but is first broken down to a disaccharide called ____. (p. 32) |
| | A) | fructose |
| | B) | glycogen |
| | C) | maltose |
| | D) | galactose |
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40 | |
Which of the following characteristics do all lipid molecules have in common? (p. 35) |
| | A) | They are composed of three six-sided rings and one five-sided ring. |
| | B) | They consist of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule. |
| | C) | They are all hydrophobic. |
| | D) | They are made entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
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41 | |
Which of the following food lipids contains the most saturated fat (77%), which may contribute to high blood cholesterol and increased risk of heart disease and stroke. (p. 35) |
| | A) | coconut oil |
| | B) | beef fat |
| | C) | butter fat |
| | D) | olive oil |
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42 | |
Which of the following does not belong with the rest? (p. 36) |
| | A) | acetone |
| | B) | b -hydroxybutyric acid |
| | C) | glycerol |
| | D) | acetoacetic acid |
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43 | |
Which of the following substances may serve as surfactants (surface-active agents)? (p. 37) |
| | A) | prostaglandins |
| | B) | triglycerides |
| | C) | glycolipids |
| | D) | phospholipids |
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44 | |
____ is a phospholipid in which one carbon atom of the glycerol backbone is attached to a phosphate group, and the phosphate group is attached on the other side to a choline molecule.(p. 37) |
| | A) | Acetylcholine |
| | B) | Cholinesterase |
| | C) | Lecithin |
| | D) | Prostaglandin |
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45 | |
A steroid may be best described as a ____. (p. 36) |
| | A) | highly branched polysaccharide molecule |
| | B) | lipid that consists of four carbon rings and various functional groups |
| | C) | diglyceride attached to a phosphate group and choline |
| | D) | polypeptide covalently bonded to a carbohydrate |
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46 | |
Although we hear much about the evils of cholesterol, it is actually very important to the human body. Among other things it serves as ____. (p. 37) |
| | A) | the precursor molecule from which the male and female sex hormones are made |
| | B) | the precursor for the formation of micelles |
| | C) | a surfactant which aids in digestion of lipid molecules |
| | D) | a blood vessel lubricant which aids in blood flow |
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47 | |
Prostaglandins are known to serve in all of the following roles except ____. (p. 37) |
| | A) | smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during labor |
| | B) | catalytic control of metabolic reactions in the cytoplasm |
| | C) | inflammatory response of the immune system |
| | D) | control of blood vessel diameter |
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48 | |
The primary structure of a protein is ultimately determined by ____. (p. 39) |
| | A) | the structure of a nucleic acid |
| | B) | the structure of a carbohydrate |
| | C) | the structure of a steroid |
| | D) | hydrogen bonds |
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49 | |
We have a much greater variety of proteins than polysaccharides in the body, mainly because ____. (p. 38) |
| | A) | protein structure is genetically coded, while polysaccharide molecules are not |
| | B) | there are 20 different amino acid building blocks from which protein molecules are made |
| | C) | proteins are generally much larger molecules |
| | D) | there is a great variety of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids of a protein |
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50 | |
One of the most important functional groups in the structural subunits of an amino acid that is required in the formation of all proteins, is the -NH2 functional group, also called ____. (p. 38) |
| | A) | an amino acid |
| | B) | an amino group |
| | C) | a nitrosamine group |
| | D) | a peptide group |
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51 | |
In the structure of a protein or its subunits, the symbol N stands for nitrogen and the symbol R stands for ____. (p. 39) |
| | A) | radium |
| | B) | radon |
| | C) | rubidium |
| | D) | residue or rest of the molecule, any functional group of an amino acid |
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52 | |
The adjacent amino acids of a protein are held together by ____ bonds. (p. 39) |
| | A) | hydrogen |
| | B) | double covalent |
| | C) | ionic |
| | D) | peptide |
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53 | |
After amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain, the chain often coils into a spring-like structure called the alpha helix. This coiling is due to ____. (p. 41) |
| | A) | polar covalent bonding |
| | B) | ionic bonds |
| | C) | hydrogen bonds |
| | D) | peptide bonds |
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54 | |
Most proteins are coiled into a helix and held in this shape by hydrogen bonds. This coiling is called the protein's ____ structure.(p. 41) |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | secondary |
| | C) | tertiary |
| | D) | beta |
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55 | |
A glycoprotein is a protein covalently attached to ____. (p. 42) |
| | A) | a lipid |
| | B) | a second protein |
| | C) | a vitamin |
| | D) | a carbohydrate |
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56 | |
Disulfide bonds often stabilize the ____ structure of a protein. (p. 41) |
| | A) | amino acid |
| | B) | secondary |
| | C) | tertiary |
| | D) | peptide bond |
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57 | |
____ is an example of a protein with a quaternary structure. (p. 41) |
| | A) | Lipoprotein |
| | B) | Myoglobin |
| | C) | Hemoglobin |
| | D) | All proteins have quaternary structure. |
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58 | |
Some proteins are conjugated with pigment molecules. One such protein is ____. (p. 41) |
| | A) | a glycoprotein |
| | B) | keratin |
| | C) | a lipoprotein |
| | D) | a cytochrome |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education