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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Endocrine System

Study Outline

  1. Functions of the Endocrine System
    1. Water balance
    2. Uterine contractions and milk release
    3. Metabolism and tissue maturation
    4. Ion regulation
    5. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation
    6. Blood glucose control
    7. Immune system regulation
    8. Reproductive function control
  2. Intercellular Chemical Signals(Table 10.1, p. 262)
    1. Autocrine chemical signals
    2. Paracrine chemical signals
    3. Hormones
    4. Neurohormones
    5. Neurotransmitters
    6. Neuromodulators and neurohormones
    7. Pheromones
  3. Receptors(Fig. 10.1, p. 263)
    1. Receptor types for intercellular chemical signals(Table 10.2, p. 264)
      1. Intracellular receptors(Fig. 10.2, p. 265)
      2. Membrane-bound receptors
    2. Receptor responses
      1. Membrane-bound receptor response
        1. Ion channel responses(Fig. 10.3, p. 265)
        2. Activation of G-proteins(Fig. 10.4, p. 265)
          1. Production of intracellular signals
          2. cAMP, DAG and IP3 as examples
        3. Control of enzyme activity(Fig. 10.5, p. 266)
          1. direct activation of enzymes(Fig. 10.6, p. 266)
          2. phosphorylation of intracellular proteins(Fig. 10.7, p. 267)
      2. Intracellular receptor response(Fig. 10.8, p. 267)
  4. Hormones
    1. Endocrine glands(Fig. 10.9, p. 268)
    2. Hormones and target tissues(Fig. 10.10, p. 268)
    3. Chemistry of hormones
      1. Proteins, peptides and amino acid derivatives
      2. Lipid hormones
        1. Steroids
        2. Eicosanoids
    4. Regulation of hormone secretion
      1. Blood levels of chemicals
      2. Hormones
      3. Nervous system
  5. Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones(Table 10.3, p. 270-271)
    1. The pituitary and hypothalamus(Fig. 10-12, p. 273)
      1. Anterior pituitary
        1. Releasing hormones
        2. Hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
      2. Posterior pituitary
        1. Axons from hypothalamus
    2. Hormones of the anterior pituitary(Tbl. 10-3, p. 270, Fig. 10.11, p. 272)
      1. Growth hormone (GH)
      2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
      3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
      4. Gonadotropins
        1. FSH
          1. Female
          2. Male
        2. LH (ICSH)
          1. Female
          2. Male
      5. Prolactin
      6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
    3. Hormones of the posterior pituitary(Tbl. 10-3, p. 270, Fig. 10.11, p. 272)
      1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH; vasopressin)
      2. Oxytocin
    4. Thyroid gland(Fig. 10.13, p. 275)
      1. Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)
      2. Regulation of thyroid secretion(Fig. 10.14, p. 276)
      3. Calcitonin(Fig. 10.15, p. 278)
    5. Parathyroid glands
      1. location(Fig. 10.13, p. 275)
      2. regulation of PTH secretion(Fig. 10.15, p. 278)
    6. Adrenal glandsClinical Focus: Hormones and Stressp. 285
      1. Adrenal medulla - epinephrine(Fig. 10.16, p. 279)
      2. Adrenal cortex(Fig. 10.17, p. 280)
        1. Glucocorticoids - cortisol
        2. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone
        3. Androgens
    7. Pancreas, insulin and diabetes(Fig. 10.18, p. 281)
      1. Insulin-beta cells
      2. Glucagon-alpha cells
      3. Effects on target tissues(Table 10.4, p. 283)
      4. Regulation of secretion(Fig. 10.19, p. 282)
      5. Diabetes mellitus
    8. Testes and ovaries
      1. Testosterone - in males
      2. Estrogen and progesterone - in females
    9. Thymus gland-thymosin
    10. Pineal body-melatonin
    11. Other hormones
      1. Digestive hormones
      2. Prostaglandins - paracrine agents
      3. Erythropoietin - from kidneys
      4. From the placenta
        1. Estrogens and progesterone
        2. Human chorionic gonadotropin
  6. Systems Pathology - Grave's DiseaseSystems Interaction Tablep. 287








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