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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
Blood

Study Outline

  1. Functions of Blood
    1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
    2. Transport of processed molecules
    3. Transport of regulatory molecules
    4. Regulation of pH and osmosis
    5. Maintenance of body temperature
    6. Protection against foreign substances
    7. Clot formation
  2. Composition of Blood(Fig. 11.1, p. 293)
  3. Plasma
    1. Characteristics
    2. Composition(Table 11.1, p. 293)
  4. Formed Elements(Table 11.2, p. 294)
    1. Production (hematopoiesis)(Fig. 11.2, p. 295)
    2. Erythrocytes(Fig. 11.3, p. 296)
      1. Function
        1. O2 transport
        2. Carbonic anhydrase and pH balance
      2. Life history
        1. Production(Fig. 11.4, p. 297)
        2. Breakdown(Fig. 11.5, p. 298)
    3. White blood cells (leukocytes)(Fig. 11.6, p. 298)
      1. Granulocytes
        1. Neutrophils
        2. Basophils
        3. Eosinophils
      2. Agranulocytes
        1. Lymphocytes
        2. Monocytes and macrophages
    4. Platelets from megakaryocytes
  5. Preventing Blood Loss
    1. Blood vessel contraction
    2. Platelet plugs(Fig. 11.7, p. 299)
    3. Blood clotting(Fig. 11.8, p. 300)
      1. Stage 1 - Prothrombinase
      2. Stage 2 - Prothrombin-thrombin
      3. Stage 3 - Fibrinogen-fibrin
    4. Control of clot formation-anticoagulation
    5. Clot retraction and fibrinolysis(Fig. 11.9, p. 301)
  6. Blood Grouping
    1. General principles
      1. Transfusion reactions
      2. Antigens and antibodies
      3. Agglutination and hemolysis(Fig. 11.11, p. 303)
    2. ABO blood group(Fig. 11.10, p. 303)
    3. Rh blood group
      1. Incompatibility
      2. HDN (erythroblastosis fetalis)(Fig. 11.12, p. 304)
  7. Diagnostic Blood TestsClinical Focus: Some Disorders of the Bloodp. 307-308
    1. Type and cross match
    2. Complete blood count
      1. RBC count
      2. Hemoglobin measurement
      3. Hematocrit measurement(Fig. 11.13, p. 306)
      4. WBC count (total)
      5. WBC differential count
      6. Clotting
        1. Platelet count
        2. Prothrombin time measurement
    3. Blood chemistry








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