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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Respiratory System

Study Outline

  1. Functions of the Respiratory System
    1. Gas exchange
    2. Regulation of blood pH
    3. Voice production
    4. Olfaction
    5. Innate immunity
  2. Anatomy of the Respiratory System(Fig. 15.1, p. 400)
    1. Nose and nasal cavity(Fig. 15.2, p. 401)
      1. External and internal nares
      2. Hard palate
      3. Conchae
      4. Paranasal sinuses
      5. Nasolacrimal ducts
    2. Pharynx(Fig. 15.2, p. 401)
      1. Nasopharynx
      2. Soft palate
      3. Oropharynx
      4. Laryngopharynx
    3. Larynx(Fig. 15.3, p. 402)
      1. Thyroid cartilage
      2. Epiglottis
      3. Vestibular folds and vocal cords(Fig. 15.4, p. 403)
      4. Epiglottis
    4. Trachea and lungs
      1. Trachea(Fig. 15.5a, p. 404)
      2. Lung structure(Fig. 15.5b, p. 405)
    5. Lungs
      1. Lobes and lobules(Fig. 15.6, p. 406)
      2. Bronchioles
      3. Alveoli
    6. Pleural cavities(Fig. 1.12, Fig. 1.13, p. 15)
    7. Lymphatic supply
  3. Ventilation and Lung Volumes
    1. Changing thoracic volume(Fig. 15.7, p. 409)
      1. Muscles of inspiration
      2. Muscles of expiration
    2. Pressure changes and air flow
      1. Changes in volume lead to changes in pressure
      2. Air flows form high pressure to low pressure
      3. Events of one respiratory cycle(Fig. 15.8, p. 409)
    3. Lung recoil -elastic forces and surface tension
      1. Surfactant
      2. Pleural pressure
    4. Changing alveolar volume -follows change in thoracic volume
  4. Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities(Fig. 15.9, p. 411)
    1. Tidal volume (about 500 mL)
    2. Inspiratory reserve volume (about 3,000 mL)
    3. Expiratory reserve volume (about 1,100 mL)
    4. Residual volume (about 1,200 mL)
    5. Functional residual capacity (about 2,300 mL)
    6. Inspiratory capacity (about 3,500 mL)
    7. Vital capacity (about 4,600 mL)
    8. Total lung capacity (about 5,800 mL)
    9. Forces expiratory vital capacity
  5. Gas Exchange
    1. Respiratory membrane(Fig. 15.10, p. 413)
      1. Thickness
      2. Surface area
    2. Partial pressure(Table 15.1, p. 414)
    3. Diffusion of gases in the lungs
    4. Diffusion of gases in the tissues
  6. Gas Transport in the Blood(Fig. 15.11, p. 415)
    1. Oxygen transport
      1. Hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)
      2. Dissolved in plasma (about 1.5 %)
    2. Carbon dioxide transport and blood pH(Fig. 15.12, p. 417)
      1. Bicarbonate ions (70%)
        1. Carbonic anhydrase
        2. Relate to blood pH
      2. Blood proteins (23%)
      3. Dissolved in plasma (7%)
  7. Rhythmic Ventilation (12-20 breaths per minute in adults)
    1. Respiratory areas in the medulla oblongata(Fig. 15.13, p. 419)
      1. Two dorsal respiratory groups
      2. Two ventral respiratory groups
    2. Pontine respiratory group
  8. Generation of Rhythmic Ventilation
    1. Starting inspiration
    2. Increasing inspiration
    3. Stopping inspiration
  9. Modification of VentilationClinical Focus: Respiratory Disorders p. 418
    1. Nervous control of ventilation(Fig. 15.14, p. 420)
    2. Chemical control of ventilation(Fig. 15.15, p. 421)
      1. Medullary chemoreceptors
      2. Peripheral chemoreceptors
    3. Effect of exercise on ventilation
    4. Respiratory adaptations to exercise
  10. Systems Pathology -AsthmaSystems Interaction Table p. 425








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