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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Digestive System

Study Outline

  1. Functions of the Digestive System(Fig. 16.1, p. 431)
    1. Take in food Clinical Focus: Disorders of the Digestive Tract
    2. Break down the food p. 456-58
    3. Absorb digested molecules
    4. Provide nutrients
    5. Eliminate wastes
  2. Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System(Fig. 16.2, p. 432)
    1. Mucosa layer
    2. Submucosa layer
    3. Muscularis layer
    4. Serosa layer (the adventitia)
  3. Oral Cavity(Fig. 16.3, p. 433)
    1. Lips, cheeks and tongue
    2. Teeth(Fig. 16.4, p. 433)
      1. Incisors
      2. Canines
      3. Premolars
      4. Molars
    3. Palate and tonsils
      1. Hard palate
      2. Soft palate and uvula
      3. Tonsils
    4. Salivary glands(Fig. 16.5, p. 434)
      1. Parotid glands
      2. Submandibular glands
      3. Sublingual glands
    5. Pharynx and esophagus
      1. Pharynx and pharyngeal constrictors(Fig. 15.2, p.401)
      2. Esophagus
        1. Upper esophageal sphincter
        2. Lower esophageal sphincter
    6. Stomach(Fig. 16.6, p. 435)
      1. Fundus
      2. Body
      3. Pylorus
      4. Gastric pits and gastric glands
        1. Mucous neck cells-mucus
        2. Parietal cells-hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor
        3. Endocrine cells-gastric hormones
        4. Chief cells-pepsinogen
    7. Small intestine(Fig. 16.7, p. 436)
      1. Duodenum(Fig. 16.8, p. 437)
        1. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli
        2. Mucosal cells
          1. Absorptive cells
          2. Goblet cells
          3. Granular cells
          4. Endocrine cells
      2. Jejunum
      3. Ileum with Peyer’s patches
      4. Circular folds, villi, and microvilli
      5. Ileocecal sphincter and ileocecal valve
    8. Liver(Fig. 16.9, p. 438)
      1. Sources of blood
        1. Hepatic artery
        2. Hepatic portal vein
      2. Ducts(Fig. 16.10, p. 439)
        1. Common hepatic duct
        2. Cystic duct from gallbladder
        3. Common bile duct
      3. Liver histology(Fig. 16.11, p. 439)
        1. Hepatocytes
        2. Bile canaliculi
        3. Hepatic sinusoids
    9. Pancreas(Fig. 16.12, p. 440)
      1. Pancreatic islets-endocrine
      2. Exocrine portion-acini
    10. Large intestine(Fig. 16.13, p. 441)
      1. Cecum
      2. Colon
        1. Ascending
        2. Transverse
        3. Descending
        4. Sigmoid
      3. Rectum
      4. Anal canal
        1. Internal anal sphincter -smooth muscle
        2. External anal sphincter -skeletal muscle
    11. Peritoneum(Fig. 16.14, p. 441)
      1. Visceral peritoneum
      2. Parietal peritoneum
      3. Mesenteries -greater and lesser omentum
      4. Retroperitoneal organs
  4. Movements and Secretions in the Digestive System(Table 16.1, p. 443)
    1. Oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus
      1. Mastication
      2. Saliva-salivary amylase
      3. Mucin
      4. Deglutition (Swallowing)(Fig. 16.15, p. 444)
        1. Voluntary phase
        2. Pharyngeal phase
        3. Esophageal phase
    2. Stomach
      1. Secretions
        1. Mucous neck cells-mucus
        2. Parietal cells-hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor
        3. Chief cells-pepsinogen
        4. Endocrine cells-gastrin (regulatory compound)
      2. Regulation(Fig. 16.16, p. 446)
        1. Cephalic phase
        2. Gastric phase
        3. Intestinal phase
      3. Movement(Fig. 16.17, p. 447)
        1. Mixing waves
        2. Peristaltic waves
    3. Small intestine
      1. Secretions-regulation
        1. Mucus
        2. Electrolytes
        3. Water
      2. Enzymes -in membranes, not secreted
      3. Movement(Fig. 16.18, p. 444)
        1. Segmental contractions
        2. Peristaltic contractions
      4. Absorption
    4. Liver(Table 16.2, p. 449)
      1. Functions
        1. Bile secretion and absorption(Fig. 16.19, p. 449)
        2. Storage of nutrients
        3. Nutrient conversion
        4. Detoxification
        5. Excretion
        6. Production of blood proteins
      2. Regulation
        1. Action of secretin
        2. Action of cholecystokinin
        3. Parasympathetic innervation
    5. Pancreas
      1. Secretions(Fig. 16.20, p. 450)
        1. Enzymes
        2. Bicarbonate ions
      2. Regulation
        1. Action of secretin
        2. Action of cholecystokinin
        3. Parasympathetic innervation
        4. Sympathetic innervation
    6. Large intestine
      1. Movements
        1. Mass movements
        2. Defecation
          1. Local reflexes
          2. Parasympathetic innervation
  5. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport(Fig. 16.21, p. 452)
    1. Carbohydrates(Fig. 16.22, p. 453)
      1. Enzymes
        1. Amylase
        2. Disaccharidases
      2. Absorption(Fig. 16.23, p. 454)
        1. Monsaccharides
        2. Secondary active transport
    2. Lipids-triacylglycerol (triglycerides)
      1. Digestion(Fig. 16.22, p. 453)
        1. Emulsification
        2. Lipase
      2. Absorption(Fig. 16.23, p. 454)
        1. Micelles
        2. Chylomicrons
        3. Cholesterol
        4. LDLs and HDLs(Fig. 16.24, p. 455)
    3. Proteins
      1. Digestion(Fig. 16.22, p.453)
        1. Pepsin
        2. Trypsin
        3. Peptidase
      2. Uptake by cells(Fig. 16.23, p. 454)
    4. Water and Minerals(Fig. 16.25, p. 455)
      1. Ingestion
      2. Secretion
      3. Reabsorption
        1. Water
        2. Active transport of ions
  6. Systems Pathology -Diarrhea Systems Interaction Table p. 460








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