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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Nervous System

Study Outline

  1. Functions of the Nervous System
    1. Sensory input
    2. Integration
    3. Homeostasis
    4. Mental activity
    5. Control of skeletal muscle
  2. Divisions of the Nervous System(Fig. 8.1, p.194, Fig. 8.2, p. 195)
    1. Central nervous system (CNS)Clinical Focus: Central Nervous System Disordersp. 222-223
    2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)Clinical Focus: Peripheral Nervous System Disordersp. 230
      1. Afferent division
      2. Efferent division
        1. Somatic nervous system
        2. Autonomic nervous system
          1. Parasympathetic nervous system
          2. Sympathetic nervous system
  3. Cells of the Nervous System(Table 8.1, p. 197)
    1. Neurons
      1. Structure(Fig. 8.3, p. 196)
        1. Cell body
        2. Dendrites
        3. Axons and collateral axons
        4. Myelin sheath
      2. Function
        1. Sensory
        2. Motor
        3. Association
      3. Types(Fig. 8.4, p. 197)
        1. Unipolar
        2. Bipolar
        3. Multipolar
    2. Neuroglia(Fig. 8.5, p. 199)
      1. Astrocytes
      2. Ependymal cells
      3. Microglia
      4. Oligodendrocytes
      5. Schwann cells
    3. Myelin Sheaths(Fig. 8.6, p. 200)
    4. Organization of nervous tissue
  4. Propagation of Action Potentials
    1. Resting membrane potential(Fig. 8.7, p. 200)
    2. Changes in membrane potential(Fig. 8.8, Fig. 8.9, p. 201)
    3. Action potential(Fig. 8.10, p. 202)
      1. All-or-none characteristic
      2. Saltatory conduction(Fig. 8.11, p. 202)
  5. The Synapse(Fig. 8.12, p. 203)
    1. Synaptic cleft
    2. Neurotransmitters
      1. Acetylcholine
      2. Norepinephrine
    3. Reflexes-reflex arc(Fig. 8.13, p. 204)
      1. Knee-jerk reflex(Fig. 8.14, p. 205)
      2. Withdrawal reflex(Fig. 8.15, p. 206)
    4. Neuronal circuits
      1. Convergent circuits(Fig. 8.16, p. 206)
      2. Divergent circuits(Fig. 8.17, p. 207)
  6. Central Nervous System - Brain(Fig. 8.18, p. 208)
    1. Brainstem(Fig. 8.19, p. 208)
      1. Medulla oblongata
      2. Pons
      3. Midbrain
      4. Reticular formation
    2. Diencephalon(Fig. 8.20, p. 210)
      1. Thalamus
      2. Epithalamus
      3. Hypothalamus
    3. Cerebrum(Fig. 8.21, p. 210)
      1. Fissures
      2. Gyri and sulci
      3. Lobes
        1. Frontal lobe
        2. Parietal lobe
        3. Occipital lobe
        4. Temporal lobe
      4. Functional areas of the cerebral cortex(Fig. 8.22, p. 212)
        1. Primary somatic sensory cortex
        2. Association areas
        3. Motor areas
          1. Primary motor cortex
          2. Premotor area
          3. Prefrontal area
      5. Speech
      6. Brainwaves(Fig. 8.23, p. 213)
      7. Memory
      8. Right and left cerebral hemispheres
      9. Basal nuclei(Fig. 8.24, p. 214)
      10. Limbic system(Fig. 8.25, p. 215)
    4. Cerebellum(Fig. 8.26, p. 216)
    5. Spinal cord(Fig. 8.27, p. 216, Tbl. 8.2, p. 217)
      1. Ascending pathways(Fig. 8.28, p. 217)
      2. Descending pathways(Fig. 8.29, p. 218)
    6. Meninges(Fig. 8.30, p. 219)
    7. Ventricles(Fig. 8.31, p. 220)
    8. Cerebrospinal fluid(Fig. 8.32, p. 221)
  7. Peripheral Nervous System
    1. Cranial nerves-(12 pr.)(Fig. 8.33, Tbl. 8.3, p. 224)
    2. Spinal nerves-(31 pr.)(Fig. 8.34, p. 226, Tbl. 8.4, p. 225)
      1. Cervical plexus
      2. Brachial plexus
      3. Lumbosacral plexus
  8. Autonomic Nervous System(Fig. 8.36, p. 228, Tbl. 8.5, p. 229)
    1. General characteristics
    2. Sympathetic division
    3. Parasympathetic division
    4. Autonomic neurotransmitters
  9. Systems Pathology - StrokeSystems Interaction Tablep. 232








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