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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4/e
Rod R. Seeley, Idaho State University
Philip Tate, Phoenix College
Trent D. Stephens, Idaho State University
The Senses

Study Outline

  1. General Senses
    1. Receptors
      1. Types (according to stimulus)
        1. Mechanoreceptors
        2. Chemoreceptors
        3. Photoreceptors
        4. Thermoreceptors
        5. Nociceptors
      2. Types associated with the skin(Fig. 9.1, p. 237)
        1. Free nerve endings
          1. Pain
          2. Cold and warm receptors
          3. Itch
          4. Movement
        2. Merkel's disks (light touch and superficial pressure)
        3. Hair follicle receptors (light touch)
        4. Meissner's corpuscles (fine, discriminative touch)
        5. Ruffini's end organs (continuous pressure)
        6. Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure, vibration, proprioception)
    2. Pain
      1. Types-Sharp and diffuse
      2. Local and general anesthesia
      3. Gate control theory
      4. Referred pain(Fig. 9.2, p. 238)
      5. Phantom pain
  2. Special Senses
    1. Olfaction
      1. Anatomy(Fig. 9.3, p. 240)
      2. Function
    2. Taste
      1. Taste buds(Fig. 9.4, p. 241)
      2. Taste sensations
  3. Vision
    1. Accessory structures(Fig. 9.5, p. 241)
      1. Eyebrows
      2. Eyelids
      3. Conjunctiva
      4. Lacrimal apparatus
      5. Extrinsic eye muscles(Fig. 9.6, p. 224)
    2. Anatomy of the eye(Fig. 9.7, p. 243)
      1. Fibrous tunic
        1. Sclera
        2. Cornea
      2. Vascular tunic
        1. Choroid
        2. Ciliary body
        3. Iris and pupil
      3. Nervous tunic (or retina)(Fig. 9.8, p. 244)
        1. Pigmented retina
        2. Sensory retina
          1. Rods-rhodopsin(Fig. 9.9, p. 245)
          2. Cones
          3. Macula lutea and fovea centralis (Fig. 9.10, p. 245 - ophtlamoscopic view)
      4. Compartments of the eye
        1. Anterior compartment-aqueous humor
          1. Anterior chamber
          2. Posterior chamber
        2. Posterior compartment-vitreous humor
      5. Functions of the complete eyeClinical Focus: Eye Disordersp. 249-250
        1. Light refraction
        2. Focusing images-accommodation(Fig. 9.11, p. 246)
      6. Neuronal pathways(Fig. 9.12, p. 248)
  4. Hearing and Balance
    1. The ear and its functions(Fig. 9.13, p. 251)
      Clinical Focus: Ear Disordersp. 255
      1. External ear
        1. External auditory meatus
        2. Tympanic membrane
      2. Middle ear
        1. Oval and round window
        2. Auditory (eustachian) tube
        3. Auditory ossicles-malleus,
        4. incus, & stapes
      3. Inner ear(Fig. 9.14, p. 252)
        1. Bony labyrinth-perilymph
        2. Membranous labyrinth-endolymph
        3. Cochlear function(Fig. 9.15, p. 252)
        4. Steps involved in hearing(Table 9.1, p. 253)
    2. Equilibrium
      1. Static equilibrium
        1. Vestibule
          1. Utricle
          2. Saccule
          3. Maculae(Fig. 9.16, Fig. 9.17, p. 254)
      2. Kinetic equilibrium
        1. Semicircular canals
        2. Crista ampullaris and cupula(Fig. 9.17, Fig. 9.19, p. 256)








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