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Chapter Objectives
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At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Describe the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods of prenatal development

Define placenta and umbilical cord, and describe how they prevent the transmission of harmful substances from mother to infant

Understand how cultural beliefs affect the experience of pregnancy

Describe the effects that drugs can have on the unborn child

Discuss maternal diseases and conditions that influence prenatal development such as rubella, syphilis, herpes, and HIV/AIDS

Explain how maternal and paternal characteristics affect prenatal development

Describe the three stages of birth

State what researchers know and do not know about the effects of drugs administered during childbirth

Contrast the different childbirth strategies, noting the pros and cons of each

Define and distinguish between special neonatal considerations including: preterm infants and low-birthweight infants, children with special needs, and ambiguous gender

Describe the two most widely used measures of neonatal health and responsiveness

Describe the role of a midwife

Describe the physical, emotional, and psychological adjustments women have to make after pregnancy







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