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| 1 | |
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his theories about cognitive development by: |
| | A) | reviewing the literature on cognitive development. |
| | B) | surveying thousands of parents. |
| | C) | observing his own children. |
| | D) | testing hundreds of children in his labouratory. |
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| 2 | |
In a Piagetian model, __________ is a cognitive structure that helps individuals organize and understand their experiences. |
| | A) | a memory |
| | B) | an image |
| | C) | cognition |
| | D) | a scheme |
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| 3 | |
Piaget's theory is a qualitative theory of cognitive development, which means that it: |
| | A) | uses standardized tests to measure and describe thought. |
| | B) | explains what kinds of knowledge are typical of children at different ages. |
| | C) | identifies different kinds of thinking children perform at different ages. |
| | D) | provides ways to determine how well children think at different stages. |
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| 4 | |
According to Piaget, during the first sensorimotor substage, infants' behaviours are: |
| | A) | reflexive. |
| | B) | maladaptive. |
| | C) | unchanging. |
| | D) | reinforced. |
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| 5 | |
By chance, Abigail shook her rattle. She then began to repeat this action of shaking her rattle. As a normal infant, Abigail is in which substage? |
| | A) | reflexive |
| | B) | first habits and primary circular reactions |
| | C) | secondary circular reactions |
| | D) | coordination of secondary circular reactions |
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| 6 | |
Laurent has problems retrieving a ball that rolled out of reach, so he uses a Tinkertoy stick to hit it. He is in which substage? |
| | A) | primary circular reactions |
| | B) | secondary circular reactions |
| | C) | coordination of secondary circular reactions |
| | D) | tertiary circular reactions |
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| 7 | |
When D'Andre was 5 months old, he looked at a toy train, but when his view of the train was blocked, he did not search for it. Now that he is 9 months old he does look for it, reflecting the presence of: |
| | A) | object permanence. |
| | B) | self-differentiation. |
| | C) | assimilation. |
| | D) | schemata. |
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| 8 | |
Much of the new research on cognitive development in children suggests that: |
| | A) | Piaget's view was accurate. |
| | B) | Piaget's view was wrong. |
| | C) | Piaget's view needs to be modified. |
| | D) | it is impossible to replicate Piaget's research because it was done primarily on his three children. |
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| 9 | |
Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that: |
| | A) | infants as young as 4 months of age have intermodal perception. |
| | B) | infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent. |
| | C) | equipment for testing children under 4 months of age is not yet sophisticated enough to provide useful information about perception. |
| | D) | infants are not able to see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background until they are at least 4 months old. |
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| 10 | |
Infants whose parents use sign language have been observed to start using conventional signs at about _____ months of age. |
| | A) | 2 to 3 |
| | B) | 6 to 7 |
| | C) | 9 to 10 |
| | D) | 12 to 13 |
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| 11 | |
Carolyn Rovee-Collier (1987) has demonstrated: |
| | A) | young infants' inability to learn from classical conditioning. |
| | B) | young infants' inability to learn from operant conditioning. |
| | C) | how infants can retain information through classical conditioning. |
| | D) | how infants can retain information through operant conditioning. |
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| 12 | |
________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus. |
| | A) | Habituation |
| | B) | Object permanence |
| | C) | Transference |
| | D) | Dishabituation |
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| 13 | |
Canadian psychologist Megan Easterbrook and her colleagues (1999) examined newborns' ability to perceive images of normal and scrambled faces. They found that: |
| | A) | newborns habituated quicker to normal faces. |
| | B) | newborns habituated quicker to scrambled faces. |
| | C) | newborns showed a preference for both normal and scrambled faces over a blank card. |
| | D) | it was impossible to study habituation in newborns. |
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| 14 | |
Having an understanding of habituation and dishabituation can benefit parent-infant interaction in that the "wise" parent does all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | presents many repetitions of a stimulus so the infant can process the information. |
| | B) | stops repetitively presenting a stimulus when the infant redirects her attention. |
| | C) | continues to present a stimulus to regain the infant's attention when the infant looks away. |
| | D) | changes behaviours when the infant redirects her attention. |
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| 15 | |
Research by Andrew Meltzoff (1992, 1999) showing the infant's ability to imitate adult facial expressions shortly after birth demonstrates that: |
| | A) | imitative abilities are learned quickly. |
| | B) | imitation has a biological base. |
| | C) | infants have a full range of emotional expression at birth. |
| | D) | imitation is a form of emotional expression. |
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| 16 | |
Meltzoff has found that infants demonstrate the ability to engage in deferred imitation by age ____ months. |
| | A) | 3 |
| | B) | 6 |
| | C) | 9 |
| | D) | 18 |
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| 17 | |
Lorenzo is a normal 4-month-old infant. Thus we would expect him to have _________ memory. |
| | A) | both implicit and explicit |
| | B) | neither implicit nor explicit |
| | C) | implicit but not explicit |
| | D) | explicit but not implicit |
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| 18 | |
Sarula is 18 years old. She finds it frustrating that she cannot remember anything prior to the time she was 3 years old. According to the research on memory: |
| | A) | she is "normal," since most adults cannot remember anything from the first 3 years of their life. |
| | B) | her memory is deficient, since it is common for adults to remember back to the time when they were at least 2 years old. |
| | C) | she should be concerned, because it appears she is suffering from a loss of memory called infantile amnesia. |
| | D) | her inability to remember before age 3 may be an indicator that she was sexually molested as an infant. |
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| 19 | |
The developmental quotient (DQ) is a global developmental score that combines subscores in all of the following domains EXCEPT: |
| | A) | motor. |
| | B) | language. |
| | C) | physical. |
| | D) | personal-social. |
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| 20 | |
The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence: |
| | A) | estimates intelligence by comparing the amount of time a baby looks at a new object and the amount of time spent looking at a familiar object. |
| | B) | assesses infants' overall development in terms of motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains. |
| | C) | has been successful at measuring infant intelligence in industrialized nations, but not in third-world countries. |
| | D) | was the first measure of infant intelligence. |
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| 21 | |
The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age. |
| | A) | Piagetian Sensorimotor Scales |
| | B) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
| | C) | Gesell Developmental Schedules |
| | D) | Brazelton Neonatal Behaviour Assessment Scales |
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| 22 | |
Infant intelligence scales are useful for all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | assessing the effects of malnutrition. |
| | B) | predicting childhood intelligence. |
| | C) | determining developmental effects of environmental stimulation. |
| | D) | measuring detrimental effects of a mother's prenatal drug-taking habits. |
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| 23 | |
Language is most accurately defined as a system of __________ that allows for communication with others. |
| | A) | images |
| | B) | vocalizations |
| | C) | symbols |
| | D) | words |
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| 24 | |
The child's first word is typically uttered at around __________ months. |
| | A) | 3 to 6 |
| | B) | 6 to 9 |
| | C) | 9 to 10 |
| | D) | 10 to 15 |
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| 25 | |
When a child uses a single word to imply a complete sentence, the child is demonstrating: |
| | A) | telegraphic speech. |
| | B) | the holophrase hypothesis. |
| | C) | receptive vocabulary. |
| | D) | infinite generativity. |
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| 26 | |
Andrew sees a cat on the lawn then says to his mother, "Kitty." The notion that Andrew is using that one word to imply a whole sentence, such as "That's a kitty," would be suggestive of the ___________ hypothesis. |
| | A) | generalization |
| | B) | generativity |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | holophrase |
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| 27 | |
Which statement about the two-word utterances of 18- to 24-month old children is NOT correct? |
| | A) | The child relies heavily on gesture, tone, and context to help convey meaning. |
| | B) | They are used by children around the world. |
| | C) | They are difficult for adults to understand. |
| | D) | They can communicate a wealth of meaning. |
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| 28 | |
The strongest evidence for the biological basis of language is that: |
| | A) | a language acquisition device (LAD) has been located in the brain's temporal lobe. |
| | B) | children all over the world reach language milestones at about the same time and in the same order. |
| | C) | language represents chains of responses and imitation. |
| | D) | children from middle-income professional and welfare backgrounds develop normally in terms of language. |
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| 29 | |
The best estimate is that human language evolved about __________ years ago. |
| | A) | 20,000 |
| | B) | 50,000 |
| | C) | 100,000 |
| | D) | 500,000 |
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| 30 | |
Language acquisition researchers believe children acquire their native language: |
| | A) | with systematic reinforcement. |
| | B) | with a great deal of encouragement. |
| | C) | with much assistance. |
| | D) | without explicit teaching. |
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| 31 | |
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that: |
| | A) | middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did. |
| | B) | welfare parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the middle-income professional parents did. |
| | C) | there were few differences between the amount of time middle-income professional parents and welfare parents spent communicating with their children. |
| | D) | the amount of time that parents spent communicating with their children made little difference in terms of the children's later language abilities. |
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| 32 | |
Dr. Jones claims Marie can make a negative statement because that use was reinforced. Dr. Jones most likely takes which view? |
| | A) | biological |
| | B) | behavioural |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | interactionist |
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| 33 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about infant-directed speech? |
| | A) | It is sometimes called "parentese." |
| | B) | It involves the use of simple words and sentences. |
| | C) | Much of it is automatic when an adult is talking to a baby. |
| | D) | It has a lower than normal pitch. |
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| 34 | |
When Jennifer said, "The deer was running," Mother asked, "Where was the deer running?" Mother's strategy is: |
| | A) | echoing. |
| | B) | expanding. |
| | C) | recasting. |
| | D) | labelling. |
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