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| 1 | |
Emotion is a mixture of: |
| | A) | unconscious and universal processes. |
| | B) | conscious experience and unconscious processes. |
| | C) | physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioural expression. |
| | D) | physiological arousal, unconscious processes, and behavioural expression. |
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| 2 | |
_________ represent the first language used by infants and parents. |
| | A) | Emotions |
| | B) | Facial expressions |
| | C) | Words |
| | D) | Gazes |
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| 3 | |
Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure: |
| | A) | attention. |
| | B) | emotion. |
| | C) | memory. |
| | D) | fear. |
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| 4 | |
Which of the following emotions develops before the others? |
| | A) | guilt |
| | B) | contempt |
| | C) | surprise |
| | D) | shame |
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| 5 | |
Which cry is a rhythmic pattern consisting of a cry, followed by a briefer silence, then a shorter inspiratory whistle somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry, then another brief rest before the next cry? |
| | A) | basic |
| | B) | anger |
| | C) | pain |
| | D) | colicky |
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| 6 | |
The _________ smile appears in response to an external stimulus. |
| | A) | social |
| | B) | internal |
| | C) | reflexive |
| | D) | universal |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following situations is most likely to produce stranger anxiety in an infant? |
| | A) | sitting on the mother's lap |
| | B) | meeting a stranger in a research labouratory |
| | C) | meeting a stranger in the infant's home |
| | D) | encountering a stranger who smiles |
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| 8 | |
Temperament is best defined as: |
| | A) | the way an individual reacts to a special person in the environment. |
| | B) | an individual's general behavioural style. |
| | C) | the emotions experienced by infants and children. |
| | D) | the reaction displayed by a parent when a child engages in an unwanted activity. |
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| 9 | |
Chess and Thomas believe the _________ child is the most typical temperament for a child. |
| | A) | easy |
| | B) | feisty |
| | C) | difficult |
| | D) | slow-to-warm-up |
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| 10 | |
The revised classifications of temperament proposed by Rothbart and Bates (1998) include all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | positive affect and approach. |
| | B) | negative affectivity. |
| | C) | emotionality. |
| | D) | effortful control. |
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| 11 | |
________ influences temperament, but the degree of influence depends on _______. |
| | A) | Heredity/environmental experiences |
| | B) | Environmental experiences/heredity |
| | C) | Affectivity/situational experiences |
| | D) | Environment/long-term experiences |
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| 12 | |
Temperament experts Ann Sanson and Mary Rothbart (1995) concluded that: |
| | A) | we are now able to define what is involved in "good parenting." |
| | B) | parents should refrain from structuring their child's environment. |
| | C) | researchers have not yet developed any effective programs for dealing with the "difficult child." |
| | D) | parents need to be sensitive to their infant's signals and needs. |
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| 13 | |
The human infant learns to recognize his or her image in a mirror at approximately ____ months. |
| | A) | 2 |
| | B) | 6 |
| | C) | 9 |
| | D) | 18 |
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| 14 | |
According to Erik Erikson, children will develop an excessive sense of shame and a sense of doubt about their abilities under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when: |
| | A) | impatient parents do things children can do for themselves. |
| | B) | children are consistently overprotected. |
| | C) | accidents the children have had or caused are criticized. |
| | D) | when children are allowed to express their independence. |
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| 15 | |
_________ is a close emotional connection between the infant and the caregiver. |
| | A) | Bonding |
| | B) | Attachment |
| | C) | Closeness |
| | D) | Security |
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| 16 | |
The research of Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman (1959) found that the critical element in the attachment process is: |
| | A) | oral satisfaction. |
| | B) | contact comfort. |
| | C) | feeding the infant. |
| | D) | consistent interaction. |
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| 17 | |
The stage that Erik Erikson believed is most relevant to the formation of attachment is the ________ stage. |
| | A) | anal |
| | B) | phallic |
| | C) | trust versus mistrust |
| | D) | autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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| 18 | |
Randy, a normal infant, now has increased locomotor skills, so he actively seeks contact with his mother and father. Randy is in phase _____ of attachment. |
| | A) | 1 |
| | B) | 2 |
| | C) | 3 |
| | D) | 4 |
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| 19 | |
Mary Ainsworth believes that attachment security depends on: |
| | A) | how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals. |
| | B) | the mother's love and concern for the welfare of her child. |
| | C) | the consistency of parental responses during the child-care routine. |
| | D) | reinforcement of attachment behaviours by the caregiver. |
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| 20 | |
You are asked to babysit your niece for the evening. When the parents put the child down so they can finish getting dressed, she heads toward her toys while she watches her parents find their coats. Your niece is demonstrating which kind of attachment? |
| | A) | secure |
| | B) | avoidant |
| | C) | resistant |
| | D) | disorganized |
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| 21 | |
Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of __________ as a determinant of social competence. |
| | A) | bonding |
| | B) | temperament |
| | C) | peer responsiveness |
| | D) | learning |
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| 22 | |
All of the following are criticisms of attachment theories EXCEPT: |
| | A) | genetics and temperament have not been accounted for and may play more of a role in development than the nature of the attachment. |
| | B) | the role of multiple social agents and changing social contexts have been largely ignored in the study of attachment. |
| | C) | cultural variations show different patterns of attachment. |
| | D) | the relationship between the parent and the infant is not emphasized enough. |
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| 23 | |
Reciprocal socialization is best defined in which of the following ways? |
| | A) | Children are products of their parents' socialization techniques. |
| | B) | Parents are products of their children's socialization techniques. |
| | C) | Socialization is bi-directional. |
| | D) | The interactions that children have with people other than their parents determine how they will be socialized. |
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| 24 | |
Studies of reciprocal socialization during infancy reveal that __________ plays an important role in socialization. |
| | A) | breast-feeding |
| | B) | mutual gaze |
| | C) | trust |
| | D) | attachment |
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| 25 | |
One of the functions of scaffolding is to: |
| | A) | introduce infants to independence. |
| | B) | provide a parent support network. |
| | C) | teach infants turn-taking. |
| | D) | ensure that parents know how to care for their infants. |
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| 26 | |
In maternal and paternal infant interactions: |
| | A) | fathers' interactions are more likely to include play. |
| | B) | fathers' interactions are more likely to center around child care activities. |
| | C) | fathers are less able than mothers to act sensitively and responsively with their infants. |
| | D) | no big differences are seen in mothers' and fathers' interactions with infants in today's "typical" North American family. |
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| 27 | |
The Canadian Labour Code policy for parental leave: |
| | A) | applies only to workers under federal jurisdiction. |
| | B) | applies only to mothers of new-born or newly adopted children. |
| | C) | applies to workers under provincial jurisdiction. |
| | D) | applies to all workers in Canada. |
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| 28 | |
Which country has one of the most extensive policies permitting parental leave? |
| | A) | Norway |
| | B) | Spain |
| | C) | Israel |
| | D) | Sweden |
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| 29 | |
Daycare for Canadian children is: |
| | A) | of a consistent quality. |
| | B) | based on a nationwide system. |
| | C) | based on national criteria for childcare workers. |
| | D) | in great demand. |
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| 30 | |
In his research concerning the effects of child care on children, Kagan has found in the experimental program at Harvard that: |
| | A) | the daycare centre did not include a pediatrician. |
| | B) | the director was also a teacher. |
| | C) | the teacher-infant ration was 1:6. |
| | D) | the teachers and aides were trained to provide a safe environment. |
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| 31 | |
Quality daycare, as proposed by several Canadian researchers, is based on ALL BUT which of the following elements? |
| | A) | well-trained stable staff |
| | B) | a high adult-child ratio and small group sizes |
| | C) | positive adult-child and child-child interactions |
| | D) | provincial, rather than national, standards |
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| 32 | |
Andrea wanted to put 2-1/2-year-old Jessica in a high-quality daycare setting. In terms of the number of adults she should look for to care for children, the ratio should be: |
| | A) | 1:4. |
| | B) | 1:6. |
| | C) | 1:8. |
| | D) | 1:10. |
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