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| 1 | |
Olivia's parents openly value Olivia's participation in family conversations. Although she frequently misunderstands the topic, they answer her questions, help her to join in, or simply enjoy her sometimes fantastic ideas. According to Erik Erikson, these parents are encouraging: |
| | A) | initiative. |
| | B) | conscience. |
| | C) | identification. |
| | D) | self-concept. |
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| 2 | |
Preschoolers most often describe themselves in terms of their: |
| | A) | thoughts. |
| | B) | physical characteristics. |
| | C) | emotions. |
| | D) | relationships to other people. |
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| 3 | |
Children show an increased ability to reflect on emotions by age: |
| | A) | 18 to 24 months. |
| | B) | 2 to 3 years. |
| | C) | 4 to 5 years. |
| | D) | 6 to 7 years. |
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| 4 | |
A major distinction between autonomous morality and heteronomous morality is that autonomous moral thinkers focus on the: |
| | A) | consequences of behaviour. |
| | B) | intentions of someone who breaks a rule. |
| | C) | way a specific behaviour makes them feel. |
| | D) | rewards moral behaviour will bring. |
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| 5 | |
Piaget believed that the social understanding of autonomous children comes about through: |
| | A) | parental modeling. |
| | B) | what they learn in their educational settings. |
| | C) | biological maturation. |
| | D) | the mutual give-and-take of peer relations. |
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| 6 | |
Dr. Emory believes that when children are rewarded for behaviour that is consistent with laws and social conventions, they are likely to repeat that behaviour. Dr. Emory most likely takes a view of development. |
| | A) | Piagetian |
| | B) | social cognitive |
| | C) | Freudian |
| | D) | Pavlovian |
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| 7 | |
According to social cognitive theorists, the ability to resist temptation is closely tied to the development of: |
| | A) | empathic behaviour. |
| | B) | spontaneity. |
| | C) | abstract reasoning. |
| | D) | self-control. |
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| 8 | |
Which cognitive ability is essential to the capacity for empathy? |
| | A) | conservation |
| | B) | logical reasoning |
| | C) | decentration |
| | D) | perspective taking |
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| 9 | |
Gender identity refers to the: |
| | A) | biological dimension of being male or female. |
| | B) | social and psychological dimensions of being male or female. |
| | C) | sense of being male or female. |
| | D) | set of expectations that prescribe how males or females should think, act, or feel. |
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| 10 | |
Female sex hormones are called ________ ; male sex hormones are called ________. |
| | A) | estrogens/androgens |
| | B) | testosterones/estrogens |
| | C) | androgens/testosterones |
| | D) | androgens/estrogens |
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| 11 | |
The Freudian belief that "biology is destiny": |
| | A) | is well-accepted by most developmentalists. |
| | B) | overlooks the importance of socialization experiences. |
| | C) | has been disproved. |
| | D) | overlooks the role of heredity. |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following statements is most accurate about identification theory and social cognitive theory with respect to gender-role development? |
| | A) | Both assume that children adopt the characteristics of their parents. |
| | B) | Both assume that rewards directly shape gender-role development. |
| | C) | Both assume that children actively acquire gender roles. |
| | D) | Identification theory rejects the idea that anatomy is destiny, while social cognitive theory accepts it. |
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| 13 | |
In terms of parental influences on their children's gender development: |
| | A) | fathers are more consistently given responsibility for physical care. |
| | B) | mothers are more likely to engage in playful interaction. |
| | C) | mothers are more likely to be given responsibility for ensuring their children conform to cultural norms. |
| | D) | fathers are more involved in socializing their sons than their daughters. |
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| 14 | |
The tendency for children to show a clear preference for being with and liking same-sex peers usually becomes stronger during: |
| | A) | the toddler years. |
| | B) | the preschool years. |
| | C) | the middle and late childhood years. |
| | D) | early adolescence. |
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| 15 | |
According to Sadker and Sadker (1994), girls and boys might receive an education that is not fair in all of the following ways EXCEPT: |
| | A) | boys' learning problems are not identified as often as girls' are. |
| | B) | boys are given the lion's share of attention in schools. |
| | C) | boys are most often at the top of their classes, but also are most often at the bottom as well. |
| | D) | pressure to achieve is more likely to be heaped on boys than on girls. |
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| 16 | |
________ theory states that an individual's attention and behaviour are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes. |
| | A) | Social cognitive |
| | B) | Identification |
| | C) | Gender schema |
| | D) | Cognitive developmental |
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| 17 | |
When Del showed up at kindergarten with a barrette in his hair, Andrew got very upset because he thought if Del wore a barrette he was a girl, not a boy. Andrew has not yet developed: |
| | A) | gender constancy. |
| | B) | gender schema. |
| | C) | sexual identification. |
| | D) | gender typing. |
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| 18 | |
In the 1930s, John Watson argued that parents: |
| | A) | should provide their children with a nurturing environment. |
| | B) | should put their children on a regular schedule for feeding, toileting, and sleeping. |
| | C) | are too affectionate with their children. |
| | D) | are not sufficiently affectionate with their children. |
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| 19 | |
All of the following characterize children of authoritarian parents EXCEPT that they: |
| | A) | fail to initiate activity. |
| | B) | have weak communication skills. |
| | C) | are anxious about social comparison. |
| | D) | lack self-control. |
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| 20 | |
Mr. Williams was talking to Ms. Jones on the phone and they got disconnected. When he called Ms. Jones back, he explained that his daughter had cut the phone cord. Ms. Jones asked, "Didn't you see her with the scissors?" to which Mr. Williams replied, "Oh, we don't like to put limits on our children-they need to experience life to the fullest." It sounds like Mr. Williams is _________ parent. |
| | A) | an authoritarian |
| | B) | an authoritative |
| | C) | a neglectful |
| | D) | an indulgent |
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| 21 | |
All of the following are dimensions of Baumrind's parenting styles EXCEPT: |
| | A) | acceptance. |
| | B) | responsiveness. |
| | C) | rejection. |
| | D) | control. |
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| 22 | |
According to a study by Health Canada (2001), the most reported form of child maltreatment was: |
| | A) | physical. |
| | B) | neglect. |
| | C) | sexual. |
| | D) | emotional. |
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| 23 | |
Developmentalists are now using the term "child maltreatment" rather than "child abuse" because: |
| | A) | child abuse is a legal term, not a psychological term. |
| | B) | they believe that changing the term is likely to reduce the incidence of abuse. |
| | C) | the term "maltreatment" includes several different conditions, not just abuse. |
| | D) | they want to be able to differentiate the two in terms of severity. |
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| 24 | |
Reductions in incidents of child abuse have been shown to be related to all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | the presence of community support systems. |
| | B) | the availability of support from relatives and friends. |
| | C) | harsher laws punishing abusers. |
| | D) | crisis centers. |
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| 25 | |
Maltreated children are likely to develop which attachment pattern? |
| | A) | disorganized |
| | B) | avoidant |
| | C) | anxious |
| | D) | rebellious |
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| 26 | |
Research on the relationship between the role of parenting and children's development has demonstrated that: |
| | A) | parenting is primarily responsible for children's development. |
| | B) | heredity is primarily responsible for children's development. |
| | C) | parenting and peer relations are jointly responsible for children's development. |
| | D) | parenting, heredity, and peer relations are jointly responsible for children's development. |
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| 27 | |
Parents are likely to treat their firstborns differently than their later-born children in that they: |
| | A) | have higher expectations for later-born children. |
| | B) | put more pressure on the firstborn for achievement and responsibility. |
| | C) | interfere less with the firstborn's activities. |
| | D) | give the firstborn more attention than later-born children. |
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| 28 | |
Compared to former times, children today are more likely to grow up in ________ households. |
| | A) | large |
| | B) | dual-parent |
| | C) | multi-child |
| | D) | small or single- parent |
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| 29 | |
To reduce the guilt parents feel when both work outside the home, a good suggestion is to: |
| | A) | rationalize. |
| | B) | pay closer attention to how their children are doing. |
| | C) | explain to their children why both parents need to work. |
| | D) | try to get split shifts so one or the other can be home with their children. |
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| 30 | |
The research on the effects of divorce on children suggests that: |
| | A) | most children competently cope with their parents' divorce. |
| | B) | older children are better able to cope with their parents' divorce. |
| | C) | children from divorced families have slightly more adjustment problems than children from nondivorced families. |
| | D) | generally speaking, it is better for the children if parents remain in a marriage even if there is a great deal of conflict. |
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| 31 | |
Sarah and Tina's parents have recently divorced. Sarah now lives with their father, and Tina now lives with their mother. Based on the research in this area, which of the following might we expect? |
| | A) | Sarah will adjust better than Tina. |
| | B) | Tina will adjust better than Sarah. |
| | C) | Both girls will adjust well in time. |
| | D) | Neither girl will adjust well since they've been separated from each other. |
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| 32 | |
In a study of 186 cultures around the world, the majority of the cultures agreed on: |
| | A) | the father's role in the family. |
| | B) | the extent to which support systems are available. |
| | C) | the need for a warm and controlling style of parenting. |
| | D) | the ways in which children are to be disciplined. |
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| 33 | |
It is more common for low-income families than middle- or upper-income families to: |
| | A) | use verbal praise. |
| | B) | use criticism. |
| | C) | use reasoning. |
| | D) | encourage questions. |
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| 34 | |
One of the most important functions of the peer group is to: |
| | A) | foster love and understanding. |
| | B) | act as a surrogate for the parents. |
| | C) | teach the importance of friendship. |
| | D) | teach about the world outside the family. |
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| 35 | |
Experimental studies of monkeys and case studies of humans support all of the following conclusions EXCEPT: |
| | A) | peer relationships are not necessary for normal social development in children. |
| | B) | peer relationships contribute to the normal social development of children. |
| | C) | attachment to peers produces different effects than does attachment to adults. |
| | D) | isolation from peers can produce social maladjustment. |
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| 36 | |
Play therapy is based on the notion that: |
| | A) | play relaxes children and acts as a calming influence. |
| | B) | if the child feels less threatened, true feelings will be displayed. |
| | C) | the child will model adaptive behaviour during play. |
| | D) | increased cognitive functioning during play allows the child to understand whatever problem is being experienced. |
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| 37 | |
Parten's play categories are examples of increasingly complex and interactive: |
| | A) | pretense/symbolic play. |
| | B) | social play. |
| | C) | instructional play. |
| | D) | academic play. |
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| 38 | |
Practice play differs from sensorimotor play in that practice play: |
| | A) | is common in the infancy stage of development. |
| | B) | involves coordination of skills. |
| | C) | revolves around the use of symbols. |
| | D) | is done for its own sake. |
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| 39 | |
One conclusion that is evident about watching television is that: |
| | A) | children should not be allowed to watch television unless supervised by an adult. |
| | B) | there is no relationship between watching violence on television and aggressive behaviour. |
| | C) | children who watch violence on television get it out of their systems and are actually less likely to fight. |
| | D) | children who view violence on television are more likely to engage in aggressive behaviour. |
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| 40 | |
Aimee Leifer (1973) found television viewing to be associated with young children's: |
| | A) | hostile behaviour. |
| | B) | prosocial behaviour. |
| | C) | capacity to use their imaginations. |
| | D) | cognitive functioning. |
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