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Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8/e

David N. Shier, Washtenaw Community College
Jackie L. Butler, Grayson County College
Ricki Lewis, SUNY - Albany

Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Chapter Quiz


1	The most important factor in heat-related deaths is
		A)	inadequate intake of water
		B)	high temperatures
		C)	poor ventilation
		D)	advanced age


2	Which of the following statements about fluid and electrolyte balance is true?
		A)	Fluid balance is independent of electrolyte balance.
		B)	The concentration of an individual electrolyte is the same throughout the body.
		C)	Water and electrolytes occur in compartments in which the composition of fluid varies.
		D)	Water is evenly distributed throughout the tissues of the body.


3	Which of the following electrolytes is most concentrated within the cell?
		A)	sodium
		B)	bicarbonate
		C)	chloride
		D)	potassium


4	The highest concentration of protein is found in
		A)	intracellular fluid
		B)	interstitial fluid
		C)	blood plasma
		D)	lymph


5	The most likely cause of net fluid movement is
		A)	change in osmotic pressure
		B)	change is overall water balance
		C)	change in interstitial fluid pressure
		D)	change is hydrostatic pressure


6	Most of the volume of water taken in each day comes from
		A)	beverages
		B)	moist food such as lettuce and tomatoes
		C)	food of all kinds
		D)	oxidative metabolism of nutrients


7	Thirst is experienced when
		A)	the mucosa of the mouth begins to lose water
		B)	salt concentration in the cell increases
		C)	the hypothalamus is stimulated by increasing osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
		D)	the cortex of the brain is stimulated by shifts in the concentration of sodium


8	Which of the following is a means of insensible water loss?
		A)	loss from the lungs during breathing
		B)	as urine
		C)	in feces
		D)	as sweat


9	The primary regulator of water output is
		A)	loss in feces
		B)	evaporation as sweat
		C)	urine production
		D)	loss during respiration


10	The volume of water lost is mainly regulated by mechanisms in the
		A)	glomerulus
		B)	proximal convoluted tubule
		C)	loop of Henle
		D)	distal convoluted tubule


11	The mechanism that controls the amount of water lost or retained is regulated by
		A)	changes in metabolic rate
		B)	an increase or decrease in respiratory rate
		C)	the amount and consistency of feces
		D)	an antidiuretic hormone


12	The concentration of calcium ions in extracellular fluid is regulated by
		A)	calcitonin from the thyroid
		B)	parathyroid hormone
		C)	both
		D)	neither


13	Edema can be caused by
		A)	low levels of plasma protein
		B)	obstruction of lymphatic vessels
		C)	increased capillary permeability and venous pressure
		D)	all of the above


14	Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces
		A)	carbonic acid
		B)	lactic acid
		C)	acetoacetic acid
		D)	ketones


15	Aerobic respiration of glucose produces
		A)	carbonic acid
		B)	lactic acid
		C)	acetoacetic acid
		D)	ketones


16	The strength of an acid depends on the
		A)	number of hydrogen ions in each molecule
		B)	nature of the inorganic salt
		C)	degree to which molecules ionize in water
		D)	concentration of acid molecules


17	A buffer is a substance that
		A)	returns an acid solution to neutral
		B)	converts acid solutions to alkaline solutions
		C)	converts strong acids or bases to weak acids or bases
		D)	returns an alkaline solution to neutral


18	The most important buffer system in plasma and intercellular fluid is the
		A)	bicarbonate buffer
		B)	phosphate buffer
		C)	protein buffer
		D)	none of the above


19	A specialized form of the extracellular compartment, the transcellular compartment, includes the cerebrospinal and synovial fluid.
		A)	True
		B)	False


20	Plasma leaves the capillary at the arteriole end because of the outward force of osmotic pressure.
		A)	True
		B)	False


21	Distention of the stomach as an individual drinks fluids triggers nerve impulses that inhibit the thirst mechanism.
		A)	True
		B)	False


22	Less than 50% of water is lost as urine.
		A)	True
		B)	False


23	A diuretic is a drug that increases water loss by decreasing kidney permeability.
		A)	True
		B)	False


24	The swelling associated with inflammation is a result of increased capillary permeability.
		A)	True
		B)	False


25	Oxidation of amino acids containing sulfur produces sulfuric acid.
		A)	True
		B)	False


26	The respiratory center is the most rapid hydrogen ion control mechanism.
		A)	True
		B)	False


27	The chemical buffer systems are called the body's first line of defense against shifts in pH.
		A)	True
		B)	False


28	Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus can lead to metabolic acidosis.
		A)	True
		B)	False

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