Lester M. Sdorow,
Arcadia University
Cheryl A. Rickabaugh,
University of Redlands
| avoidance learning | Learning to prevent the occurrence of an aversive stimulus by giving an appropriate response to a warning stimulus.
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| behavioral contingencies | Relationships between behaviors and their consequences, such as positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment.
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| behavioral preparedness | The degree to which members of a species are innately prepared to learn particular behaviors.
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| biofeedback | A form of operant conditioning that enables an individual to learn to control a normally involuntary physiological process or to gain better control of a normally voluntary one when provided with visual or auditory information indicating the state of that response.
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| blocking | The process by which a neutral stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus that already elicits a conditioned response fails to become a conditioned stimulus.
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| chaining | An operant conditioning procedure used to establish a desired sequence of behaviors by positively reinforcing each behavior in the sequence.
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| classical conditioning | A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being associated with a stimulus that already elicits that response.
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| computer-assisted instruction | The use of computer programs to provide programmed instruction.
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| conditioned response (CR) | In classical conditioning, the learned response given to a particular conditioned stimulus.
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| conditioned stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a particular conditioned response after being paired with a particular unconditioned stimulus that already elicits that response.
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| conditioned taste aversion | A taste aversion induced by pairing a taste with gastrointestinal distress.
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| continuous schedule of reinforcement | A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each instance of a desired response.
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| discriminative stimulus | In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates the likelihood that a particular response will be reinforced.
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| escape learning | Learning to perform a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus, as in negative reinforcement.
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| extinction | In classical conditioning, the gradual disappearance of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
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| extinction | In operant conditioning, the gradual disappearance of a response that is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
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| fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement | A partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first desired response made after a set length of time.
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| fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement | A partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement after a set number of desired responses.
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| higher-order conditioning | In classical conditioning, the establishment of a conditioned response to a neutral stimulus that has been paired with an existing conditioned stimulus.
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| instinctive drift | The reversion of animals to behaviors characteristic of their species even when being reinforced for performing other behaviors.
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| instrumental conditioning | A form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable, depending on its consequences.
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| latent learning | Learning that occurs without the reinforcement of overt behavior.
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| law of effect | Edward Thorndike's principle that a behavior followed by a satisfying state of affairs is strengthened and a behavior followed by an annoying state of affairs is weakened.
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| learned helplessness | A feeling of futility caused by the belief that one has little or no control over events in one's life, which can make one stop trying and become depressed.
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| learning | A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior resulting from experience.
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| negative reinforcement | In operant conditioning, an increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus.
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| observational learning | Learning a behavior by observing the consequences that others receive for performing it.
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| operant conditioning | B. F. Skinner's term for instrumental conditioning, a form of learning in which a behavior becomes more or less probable, depending on its consequences.
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| partial schedule of reinforcement | A schedule of reinforcement that reinforces some, but not all, instances of a desired response.
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| positive reinforcement | In operant conditioning, an increase in the probability of a behavior that is followed by a desirable consequence.
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| Premack principle | The principle that a more probable behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a less probable one.
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| primary reinforcer | In operant conditioning, an unlearned reinforcer, which satisfies a biological need such as air, food, or water.
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| programmed instruction | A step-by-step approach, based on operant conditioning, in which the learner proceeds at his or her own pace through more and more difficult material and receives immediate knowledge of the results of each response.
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| punishment | In operant conditioning, the process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it.
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| secondary reinforcer | In operant conditioning, a neutral stimulus that becomes reinforcing after being associated with a primary reinforcer.
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| shaping | An operant conditioning procedure that involves the positive reinforcement of successive approximations of an initially improbable behavior to eventually bring about that behavior.
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| Skinner box | An enclosure that contains a bar or key that can be pressed to obtain food or water, and that is used to study operant conditioning in rats, pigeons, or other small animals.
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| social learning theory | A theory of learning that assumes that people learn behaviors mainly through observation and mental processing of information.
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| spontaneous recovery | In classical conditioning, the reappearance after a period of time of a conditioned response that has been subjected to extinction.
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| spontaneous recovery | In operant conditioning, the reappearance after a period of time of a behavior that has been subjected to extinction.
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| stimulus discrimination | In classical conditioning, giving a conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus but not to stimuli similar to it.
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| stimulus generalization | In classical conditioning, giving a conditioned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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| token economy | An operant conditioning procedure that uses tokens as positive reinforcers in programs designed to promote desirable behaviors, with the tokens later used to purchase desired items or privileges.
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| unconditioned response (UCR) | In classical conditioning, an unlearned, automatic response to a particular unconditioned stimulus.
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| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular unconditioned response.
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| variable-interval schedule of reinforcement | A partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first desired response made after varying, unpredictable lengths of time.
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| variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement | A partial schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement after varying, unpredictable numbers of desired responses.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education