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1 | |
Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system? |
| | A) | ingest food |
| | B) | digest food to small molecules |
| | C) | absorb nutrient molecules |
| | D) | eliminate non-digestible wastes |
| | E) | transport nutrients to other organs |
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2 | |
"Digestion" of food refers to |
| | A) | allowing the liver to produce bile for digestion. |
| | B) | allowing the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. |
| | C) | allowing small molecules to cross cell membranes and be absorbed by the tract lining. |
| | D) | allowing large molecules to cross cell membranes and be absorbed by the tract lining. |
| | E) | allowing the meat that is eaten to nourish our body. |
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3 | |
Strictly speaking, ____ refers to the breakdown of food by enzymatic action. |
| | A) | ingestion |
| | B) | digestion |
| | C) | excretion |
| | D) | metabolism |
| | E) | mastication |
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4 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? |
| | A) | Digestion only takes place within the digestive tract. |
| | B) | The digestive tract begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. |
| | C) | Digestion of food in humans is a process that occurs inside of cells. |
| | D) | Digestive enzymes are secreted into the tract by glands located either in the tract or nearby. |
| | E) | Food is never found within accessory glands, only within the tract itself. |
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5 | |
Taste is due solely to stimulation of receptors in the nose. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
Which of the following sequences does NOT trace the path of food through the digestive tract in the correct order? |
| | A) | mouth, esophagus, stomach |
| | B) | esophagus, stomach, duodenum |
| | C) | stomach, large intestine, small intestine |
| | D) | stomach, duodenum, large intestine |
| | E) | ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon |
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7 | |
____ are chisel-shaped teeth used for biting. |
| | A) | Incisors |
| | B) | Canines |
| | C) | Premolars |
| | D) | Molars |
| | E) | Wisdom teeth |
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8 | |
Nerves and blood vessels are found within the ____ of a tooth. |
| | A) | enamel |
| | B) | dentin |
| | C) | pulp |
| | D) | crown |
| | E) | periodontal membrane |
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9 | |
Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? |
| | A) | caries--tooth decay |
| | B) | gingivitis--inflammation of the gums |
| | C) | periodontitis--inflammation of the periodontal membrane |
| | D) | mumps--viral infection of the tonsils |
| | E) | heartburn--stomach acid in the esophagus |
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10 | |
Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? |
| | A) | stomach--food storage and grinding |
| | B) | esophagus--food conduction |
| | C) | pharynx--voice box |
| | D) | small intestine--nutrient absorption |
| | E) | large intestine--water and salt absorption |
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11 | |
Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? |
| | A) | bolus--food mixed with saliva in the mouth |
| | B) | chyme--food mixed with gastric secretions leaving the stomach |
| | C) | gastric juice--secretions from intestinal glands |
| | D) | feces--nondigestible remains, bile, and bacteria |
| | E) | peristalsis--rhythmic contractions to move food |
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12 | |
Sphincters are muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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13 | |
Which of the following hormones will cause the stomach to churn and increase secretory activity of the gastric glands? |
| | A) | GIP |
| | B) | gastrin |
| | C) | secretin |
| | D) | CCK |
| | E) | insulin |
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14 | |
Which of the following hormones is/are produced by cells of the duodenal wall? |
| | A) | gastrin alone |
| | B) | GIP alone |
| | C) | secretin alone |
| | D) | CCK alone |
| | E) | secretin and CCK |
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15 | |
If hydrochloric acid penetrates the mucus on the stomach wall, autodigestion of the wall begins, and an ulcer results. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
Which of the following substances will cause the release of secretin from the duodenal wall? |
| | A) | carbohydrates |
| | B) | fats |
| | C) | partially digested protein |
| | D) | hydrochloric acid in chyme |
| | E) | sodium hydroxide in chyme |
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17 | |
What allows chyme to enter the small intestine? |
| | A) | a sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach |
| | B) | a sphincter between the stomach and the small intestine |
| | C) | the anal sphincter |
| | D) | lacteal |
| | E) | ileocecal valve |
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18 | |
Which organ will secrete sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidity of chyme in the small intestine? |
| | A) | pancreas |
| | B) | gallbladder |
| | C) | duodenum |
| | D) | esophagus |
| | E) | stomach |
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19 | |
Where are the brush-border enzymes found? |
| | A) | villi |
| | B) | microvilli |
| | C) | columnar epithelial cells |
| | D) | goblet cells |
| | E) | lacteal |
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20 | |
The end products of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate digestion enter the blood capillaries of the villi. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? |
| | A) | Microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption of nutrients. |
| | B) | Enzymes located on the brush-border finish the digestion of chyme. |
| | C) | Absorption is an active process in the small intestine. |
| | D) | Sugars and amino acids cross columnar epithelial cells to enter the lacteal. |
| | E) | Fat components rejoin in epithelial cells and are packaged as lipoprotein droplets, which enter the lacteals. |
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22 | |
Which of the following organs will contain villi? |
| | A) | esophagus |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | small intestine |
| | D) | liver |
| | E) | pancreas |
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23 | |
Most bacteria that live in the colon are facultative bacteria. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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24 | |
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the large intestine? |
| | A) | cecum |
| | B) | colon |
| | C) | rectum |
| | D) | anal canal |
| | E) | duodenum |
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25 | |
Which of the following organs functions to absorb water, salts, and store nondigestible material? |
| | A) | esophagus |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | small intestine |
| | D) | large intestine |
| | E) | liver |
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26 | |
The ____ is the blind end of the ascending colon. |
| | A) | cecum |
| | B) | vermiform appendix |
| | C) | transverse colon |
| | D) | anal canal |
| | E) | rectum |
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27 | |
Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? |
| | A) | constipation--hard and dry feces |
| | B) | ulcer--open sore in the wall of the stomach |
| | C) | peritonitis--inflammation of the cecum |
| | D) | cirrhosis--liver first becomes fatty and then replaced by fibrous scar tissue |
| | E) | jaundice--abnormally large amount of bilirubin in the skin and the whites of the eyes |
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28 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? |
| | A) | A high coliform bacterial count indicates a significant amount of feces has entered the water. |
| | B) | When the appendix bursts, a generalized infection of the serosa of the abdominal cavity can occur. |
| | C) | If colon cancer is detected while still confined to a polyp, the outcome is expected to be a complete cure. |
| | D) | Fiber in the diet promotes the development of colon cancer. |
| | E) | Bacteria in the colon break down nondigestible material and produce some vitamins that can be absorbed and used by our bodies. |
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29 | |
Which of the following statements is false? |
| | A) | Diarrhea can be caused by eating contaminated food, which causes the intestinal wall to become irritated and peristalsis to increase. |
| | B) | In nervous diarrhea, the nervous system stimulates the intestinal wall and diarrhea results. |
| | C) | Prolonged diarrhea can lead to constipation. |
| | D) | Constipation can be alleviated by increasing water intake. |
| | E) | Constipation can be alleviated by increasing the fiber content of our diet. |
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30 | |
In diarrhea, too little water has been absorbed by the large intestine; in constipation, too much water has been absorbed. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
Milk of magnesia acts as a laxative because it makes the colon slippery. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
Which of the following organs is considered an accessory organ of digestion? |
| | A) | liver |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | esophagus |
| | D) | ascending colon |
| | E) | rectum |
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33 | |
Which of the following organs has both an endocrine and an exocrine function? |
| | A) | pancreas |
| | B) | liver |
| | C) | stomach |
| | D) | duodenum |
| | E) | esophagus |
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34 | |
Which of the following organs produces bile? |
| | A) | gallbladder |
| | B) | liver |
| | C) | duodenum |
| | D) | stomach |
| | E) | large intestine |
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35 | |
Which component in bile helps to emulsify fat in the duodenum? |
| | A) | bilirubin |
| | B) | biliverdin |
| | C) | bile salts |
| | D) | cholesterol |
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36 | |
Which blood vessel will transport nutrient molecules that have been absorbed by the small intestine to the liver? |
| | A) | hepatic artery |
| | B) | renal vein |
| | C) | hepatic portal artery |
| | D) | hepatic portal vein |
| | E) | inferior vena cava |
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37 | |
Which of the following organs functions to remove poisonous substances and works to keep the contents of blood constant? |
| | A) | esophagus |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | duodenum |
| | D) | pancreas |
| | E) | liver |
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38 | |
Before amino acids can be converted to glucose molecules in the liver, deamination must take place. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver? |
| | A) | converts hemoglobin from red blood cells to bile pigments that are excreted along with bile salts in bile |
| | B) | detoxifies blood by removing poisonous substances |
| | C) | produces urea from the breakdown of amino acids |
| | D) | produces enzymes for digestion of food in the duodenum |
| | E) | makes plasma proteins from amino acids |
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40 | |
In which of the following diseases will liver tissue be replaced by inactive fibrous scar tissue? |
| | A) | hemolytic jaundice |
| | B) | obstructive jaundice |
| | C) | viral hepatitis |
| | D) | cirrhosis |
| | E) | lactose intolerance |
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41 | |
Red blood cells are broken down in abnormally large amounts in ____. |
| | A) | hemolytic jaundice |
| | B) | obstructive jaundice |
| | C) | viral hepatitis |
| | D) | cirrhosis |
| | E) | lactose intolerance |
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42 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT true about digestive enzymes? |
| | A) | Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes. |
| | B) | Digestive enzymes are carbohydrates that have a particular shape that fits their substrate. |
| | C) | Digestive enzymes have an optimum pH which maintains their shape. |
| | D) | Digestive enzymes speed up a chemical reaction. |
| | E) | Each digestive enzyme speeds up a specific reaction. |
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43 | |
Which of the following organs will NOT produce any digestive enzymes? |
| | A) | salivary glands |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | esophagus |
| | D) | duodenum |
| | E) | pancreas |
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44 | |
Which of the following enzymes will have an optimum pH that is acidic? |
| | A) | salivary amylase |
| | B) | pepsin |
| | C) | pancreatic amylase |
| | D) | trypsin |
| | E) | lipase |
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45 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about fat digestion? |
| | A) | Bile salts are needed to emulsify fat into fat droplets. |
| | B) | Lipase digests the fat droplets into glycerol and fatty acid molecules while removing water molecules. |
| | C) | Glycerol and fatty acids enter the cells of the villi. |
| | D) | Glycerol and fatty acids, after entering the cells of the villi, rejoin and are packaged as lipoprotein droplets. |
| | E) | Lipoprotein droplets, which are formed in the cells of the villi, enter the lacteals. |
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46 | |
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the stomach when exposed to ____. |
| | A) | trypsin |
| | B) | hydrochloric acid |
| | C) | peptides |
| | D) | peptidases |
| | E) | lipase |
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47 | |
Which of the following enzymes is found on the mucosa of the intestinal villi? |
| | A) | amylase |
| | B) | trypsin |
| | C) | peptidase |
| | D) | lipase |
| | E) | pepsin |
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48 | |
Which of the following enzymes is released from the gastric glands to break down proteins into peptides? |
| | A) | lipase |
| | B) | pancreatic amylase |
| | C) | trypsin |
| | D) | pepsin |
| | E) | peptidase |
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49 | |
Which enzyme breaks down starch to maltose in the duodenum? |
| | A) | lipase |
| | B) | trypsin |
| | C) | maltase |
| | D) | salivary amylase |
| | E) | pancreatic amylase |
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50 | |
Which of the following relationships is NOT correct? |
| | A) | pepsin--gastric glands |
| | B) | maltase--pancreas |
| | C) | salivary amylase--salivary glands |
| | D) | trypsin--pancreas |
| | E) | peptidases--villi of small intestine |
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51 | |
When starch is broken down by pancreatic amylase, ____ will be formed. |
| | A) | glycerol + fatty acids |
| | B) | amino acids |
| | C) | peptides |
| | D) | maltose |
| | E) | glucose |
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52 | |
When peptides are broken down by peptidases, ____ will be formed. |
| | A) | amino acids |
| | B) | fatty acids and glycerol |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | proteins |
| | E) | maltose |
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53 | |
Which of the following substances is NOT a product formed in the small intestine? |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | maltose |
| | C) | amino acids |
| | D) | peptides |
| | E) | proteins |
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54 | |
Which enzyme is missing in the small intestine if a person has lactose intolerance? |
| | A) | pancreatic amylase |
| | B) | dipeptidase |
| | C) | lipase |
| | D) | lactase |
| | E) | maltase |
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55 | |
When fats are broken down by lipase, ____ will be formed. |
| | A) | amino acids |
| | B) | fatty acids and glycerol |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | proteins |
| | E) | maltose |
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56 | |
Which of the following comparisons is NOT correct? |
| | A) | fats -- lipase |
| | B) | starch -- salivary amylase |
| | C) | maltose -- lactase |
| | D) | protein -- trypsin |
| | E) | peptides -- dipeptidases |
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57 | |
Which of the following enzymes would NOT be used to break down spaghetti into its end products for absorption? |
| | A) | salivary amylase |
| | B) | pancreatic amylase |
| | C) | maltase |
| | D) | lipase |
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58 | |
Five test tubes, listed below, were incubated at body temperature for one hour. Which of the following test tubes would have the appropriate environmental conditions for digestion to occur? |
| | A) | H2O + a small sliver of egg white (protein) |
| | B) | Pepsin + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
| | C) | HCl + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
| | D) | Pepsin + HCl + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
| | E) | Pepsin + NaOH + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
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59 | |
Five test tubes, listed below, were incubated at body temperature for one hour. Which of the following test tubes would be considered the control? |
| | A) | H2O + a small sliver of egg white (protein) |
| | B) | Pepsin + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
| | C) | HCl + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
| | D) | Pepsin + HCl + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
| | E) | Pepsin + NaOH + H2O + a small sliver of egg white |
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60 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about protein nutrition? |
| | A) | Foods rich in protein include red meat, fish, poultry, dairy products, legumes, nuts, and cereals. |
| | B) | Ordinarily, amino acids are not used as an energy source but are incorporated into structural proteins. |
| | C) | Each vegetable or grain alone is an incomplete protein source. |
| | D) | Because some amino acids are not produced in the body, a daily supply is needed. |
| | E) | We should derive all of our dietary protein from meat. |
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61 | |
The quickest, most readily available source of energy for the body is ____. |
| | A) | protein |
| | B) | carbohydrate |
| | C) | lipid |
| | D) | vitamins |
| | E) | minerals |
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62 | |
Which of the following is NOT considered to contain simple carbohydrates? |
| | A) | regular (non-diet) soft drinks |
| | B) | ice cream |
| | C) | candy |
| | D) | bread |
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63 | |
Some dieticians label _____ as "empty calories." |
| | A) | simple carbohydrates |
| | B) | complex carbohydrates |
| | C) | fats |
| | D) | essential amino acids |
| | E) | proteins |
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64 | |
Which of the following types of food may reduce the risk of colon cancer? |
| | A) | simple carbohydrates |
| | B) | polyunsaturated fats |
| | C) | fiber |
| | D) | cholesterol |
| | E) | protein |
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65 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct? |
| | A) | High-density lipoprotein (HDL) carries cholesterol from cells to the liver. |
| | B) | Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) protects against the development of clogged arteries. |
| | C) | A diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol decreases the blood cholesterol level in some individuals. |
| | D) | White fish, poultry, and shellfish are recommended protein sources to lower blood cholesterol levels; cheese, egg yolks, and liver are not. |
| | E) | Soluble fiber is believed to combine with cholesterol in the digestive tract and carry it out of the body. |
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66 | |
____ are organic compounds (other than carbohydrate, fat, and protein) that the body is unable to produce but uses for metabolic purposes. |
| | A) | High-density lipoproteins |
| | B) | Low-density lipoproteins |
| | C) | Minerals |
| | D) | Vitamins |
| | E) | Soluble fibers |
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67 | |
Which vitamin is a part of the coenzyme NAD? |
| | A) | vitamin D |
| | B) | riboflavin |
| | C) | niacin |
| | D) | vitamin K |
| | E) | vitamin A |
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68 | |
Citrus fruits and other fresh fruits and vegetables are natural sources of ____. |
| | A) | vitamin A |
| | B) | vitamin C |
| | C) | vitamin D |
| | D) | vitamin B |
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69 | |
Sunshine and irradiated milk are primary sources of ____. |
| | A) | vitamin A |
| | B) | vitamin C |
| | C) | vitamin D |
| | D) | vitamin B |
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70 | |
Too much of ____ can cause kidney stones. |
| | A) | vitamin C |
| | B) | vitamin A |
| | C) | vitamin B |
| | D) | vitamin D |
| | E) | niacin |
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71 | |
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to ____. |
| | A) | scurvy |
| | B) | fissures of lips |
| | C) | dermatitis |
| | D) | rickets (decalcification and weakening of bone) |
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72 | |
Vitamin C deficiency can lead to ____. |
| | A) | scurvy |
| | B) | fissures of lips |
| | C) | dermatitis |
| | D) | rickets |
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73 | |
Which of the following is NOT considered a macromineral? |
| | A) | sodium |
| | B) | magnesium |
| | C) | potassium |
| | D) | calcium |
| | E) | iron |
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74 | |
Which of the following macrominerals is needed for the construction of bones and teeth and for nerve conduction and muscle contraction? |
| | A) | sodium |
| | B) | magnesium |
| | C) | potassium |
| | D) | calcium |
| | E) | chlorine |
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75 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct in regards to calcium and bone disease? |
| | A) | Osteoporosis affects more older women than men. |
| | B) | In osteoporosis, the bones break easily because they lack sufficient calcium. |
| | C) | Calcium supplements and estrogen help prevent osteoporosis. |
| | D) | In older individuals, osteoblasts are more active than osteoclasts. |
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76 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT correct about dieting? |
| | A) | Weight loss occurs if the caloric intake is reduced while the same level of activity is maintained. |
| | B) | The best way to lose weight is to modify behavior and to lose the weight rapidly. |
| | C) | Physical activity firms up the body, puts you in the mood to keep the weight off, and burns calories. |
| | D) | Heavy individuals may have many more fat cells than normal, and dieting merely causes the fat cells to get smaller. |
| | E) | In order to keep unwanted pounds off, a long-term program should include regular exercise and a balanced diet that avoids fatty foods. |
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77 | |
Which of the following disorders is characterized by an individual that is extremely thin but still claims to "feel fat"? |
| | A) | obesity |
| | B) | bulimia |
| | C) | anorexia nervosa |
| | D) | rickets |
| | E) | pellagra |
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78 | |
Which of the following disorders is characterized by an individual who has the habit of eating to excess and then purging by vomiting? |
| | A) | obesity |
| | B) | bulimia |
| | C) | anorexia nervosa |
| | D) | rickets |
| | E) | pellagra |
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79 | |
High-density lipoproteins protect you more from clogged arteries more than low-density lipoproteins. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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80 | |
High sodium intake has been linked to hypotension in some people. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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81 | |
Obesity is defined as a body weight of more than 20% above the ideal weight. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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82 | |
A nutrient is a substance in food that is used by the body for the maintenance of health. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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83 | |
A U.S.D.A.-recommended American diet emphasizes the importance of including grains in the diet and the desirability of eating fats, oils, and sweets sparingly. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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84 | |
Essential amino acids are those that are required in the diet because the body is unable to produce them. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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85 | |
It is necessary to maintain a constant level of glucose in the blood because brain cells cannot metabolize other energy sources. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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86 | |
Most of the calories in the diet come from carbohydrates. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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87 | |
Fats should be avoided in the diet. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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