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1 | |
The lymphatic system consists of _______. |
| | A) | lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs |
| | B) | all of the plasma component of the bloodstream |
| | C) | all fluids inside the body's cells |
| | D) | all liquids in the body whether inside cells or in spaces between tissues |
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2 | |
The lymphatic system _______. |
| | A) | takes up excess tissue fluid and returns it to the bloodstream |
| | B) | absorbs fats in the intestinal villi and transports them to the bloodstream |
| | C) | defends the body against disease |
| | D) | All of the above are correct. |
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3 | |
The movement of lymph within lymphatic vessels is dependent upon _______. |
| | A) | residual blood pressure forcing the plasma through the blood vessels |
| | B) | suction from the contracting lymph nodes |
| | C) | skeletal muscle contraction and the action of one-way valves |
| | D) | active transport of lymph by cilia lining the lymphatic system |
| | E) | ameboid movement of the cellular component of the lymph, primarily the T-cells that "travel" |
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4 | |
Lymph is prevented from flowing backwards by _______. |
| | A) | blood pressure |
| | B) | suction from the contracting lymph nodes |
| | C) | one-way valves |
| | D) | cilia lining the lymphatic system |
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5 | |
The lymphatic system is _________. |
| | A) | a two-way transport system with fluids and cells moving both directions |
| | B) | a continuous closed circulation running parallel to the arteries and veins |
| | C) | a one-way system collecting the lymph from body tissues and spaces and reintroducing it to the bloodstream |
| | D) | a one-way system collecting lymph from body spaces and soaking it into the body cells |
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6 | |
Tissue fluid in the lymphatic system is called ________. |
| | A) | plasma |
| | B) | hemoplasma |
| | C) | Ringer's solution |
| | D) | lymph |
| | E) | universal solvent |
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7 | |
The thoracic duct serves |
| | A) | the lower extremities. |
| | B) | the abdomen. |
| | C) | the left arm. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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8 | |
The thoracic and right lymphatic ducts return lymph to the ________. |
| | A) | dorsal aorta |
| | B) | abdominal cavity |
| | C) | heart ventricles |
| | D) | peritoneal cavities |
| | E) | subclavian veins |
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9 | |
The subclavian veins are cardiovascular veins in the abdomen. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
________ is localized swelling caused by accumulation of tissue fluid. |
| | A) | Immune deficiency disease |
| | B) | Allergies |
| | C) | Autoimmune disease |
| | D) | Edema |
| | E) | Hemolytic disease |
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11 | |
Lymph flows from lymphatic capillaries into ever-larger lymphatic vessels and finally to a lymphatic duct. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
Each nodule of a lymph node contains a sinus filled with _______. |
| | A) | lymphocytes and macrophages |
| | B) | red marrow |
| | C) | red blood cells |
| | D) | lymph causing edema |
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13 | |
Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid organ: |
| | A) | red bone marrow |
| | B) | adenoids |
| | C) | spleen |
| | D) | tonsils |
| | E) | kidney |
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14 | |
Only red blood cells originate in the red bone marrow. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
All bones in an adult have red bone marrow. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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16 | |
The red bone marrow consists of a network of connective tissue fibers called reticular fibers. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
The tonsils and adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) are composed of partly encapsulated lymph nodules. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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18 | |
The spleen is located in the lower right thoracic cavity just above the diaphragm. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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19 | |
The spleen's sinuses are filled with _______. |
| | A) | lymph |
| | B) | blood |
| | C) | water |
| | D) | salts |
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20 | |
A spleen nodule contains ________. |
| | A) | the factory that produces platelets |
| | B) | red pulp and white pulp |
| | C) | a reservoir of glucose stored as glycogen |
| | D) | hormone-producing islets |
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21 | |
Red pulp contains only red blood cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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22 | |
Lymph is cleansed in lymph nodes and blood is cleansed in the spleen. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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23 | |
White pulp contains mostly _______. |
| | A) | lymphocytes |
| | B) | red blood cells |
| | C) | macrophages |
| | D) | osteoblasts |
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24 | |
The thymus is located _______. |
| | A) | in the neck |
| | B) | in the upper left abdominal cavity just beneath the diaphragm |
| | C) | along the trachea behind the sternum |
| | D) | along the intestinal wall |
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25 | |
The thymus is smaller in children than in adults. |
| | A) | true |
| | B) | false |
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26 | |
The thymus secretes ________. |
| | A) | antibodies |
| | B) | hormones that mature the red blood cells |
| | C) | macrophages |
| | D) | lymph and is the main "lymph factory" |
| | E) | thymosin, a hormone thought to aid in maturation of T lymphocytes |
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27 | |
T lymphocytes mature in the ________. |
| | A) | spleen |
| | B) | red bone marrow |
| | C) | thymus |
| | D) | lymph nodes throughout the body |
| | E) | thyroid |
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28 | |
Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against ________. |
| | A) | infectious agents including bacteria and viruses |
| | B) | foreign cells |
| | C) | cancer cells |
| | D) | all of the above |
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29 | |
The nonspecific defenses are ___________. |
| | A) | barriers to entry, the inflammatory reaction, natural killer cells, and protective proteins |
| | B) | antibodies, antigens, and antimatter |
| | C) | the spleen and thymus |
| | D) | allergies, edema and regurgitation |
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30 | |
Barriers to entry of microbes include __________. |
| | A) | oil skin secretions and stomach acids |
| | B) | normal harmless bacteria that prevent pathogens from taking up residence |
| | C) | mucous membranes that line the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts |
| | D) | skin that lines the outer surface of the body |
| | E) | all of the above help bar entry by microbes |
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31 | |
The stomach has a basic pH inhibiting growth of bacteria. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
The ________ reaction is a series of events occurring whenever the skin is broken due to a minor injury. |
| | A) | allergic |
| | B) | antibody |
| | C) | complement fixation |
| | D) | inflammatory |
| | E) | suppressor T-cell |
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33 | |
________ are molecules initiating nerve impulses resulting in pain. |
| | A) | Analgesics |
| | B) | Immunoglobulins |
| | C) | Kinins |
| | D) | Histamines |
| | E) | Suppressins |
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34 | |
Histamine and kinins cause capillaries to constrict and become less permeable. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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35 | |
Any break in the skin can allow microbes to enter the body. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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36 | |
How can neutrophils and monocytes reach an infection site from the bloodstream? |
| | A) | the blood vessels rupture at a site of infection |
| | B) | neutrophils and monocytes are amoeboid and can pass through capillary walls |
| | C) | they are small and diffuse across membranes just like food and gas molecules. |
| | D) | they move upstream in the lymph system |
| | E) | the portable T lymphocyte differentiates into neutrophils and monocytes when it arrives at the site of infection |
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37 | |
What can happen to a bacterium that crosses the skin barrier and enters tissues? |
| | A) | histamine will poison bacteria |
| | B) | neutrophils phagocytize the bacteria |
| | C) | bacteria liberate a growth factor that in turn increases the numbers of white blood cells that attack bacteria |
| | D) | all human tissues reject the bacterium and destroy it with lysosomes |
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38 | |
When monocytes leave the bloodstream, they differentiate into ________. |
| | A) | complement proteins |
| | B) | antibodies |
| | C) | interferon |
| | D) | macrophages |
| | E) | suppressor T-cells |
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39 | |
Some tissues have ______ that routinely act as scavengers, devouring old blood cells and other debris. |
| | A) | resident macrophages |
| | B) | suppressor T-cells |
| | C) | backup neutrophils |
| | D) | complimentary B-cells |
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40 | |
Pus indicates that ______________. |
| | A) | body tissues are dying |
| | B) | the body is trying to overcome infection |
| | C) | too much lymph has built up |
| | D) | the inflammatory response has failed to defend against bacterial invasion |
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41 | |
Complement is activated when ________ . |
| | A) | the inflammatory response has failed to defend against bacterial invasion |
| | B) | antibodies have failed to defend against bacterial invasion |
| | C) | microbes enter the body |
| | D) | interferon is produced by viruses |
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42 | |
Complement proteins bind to the surface of microbes already coated with antibodies, and release chemicals that attract phagocytes to the scene. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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43 | |
A virus-infected cell produces and secretes _______. |
| | A) | allergin |
| | B) | antigen |
| | C) | antibody |
| | D) | complement |
| | E) | interferon |
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44 | |
A/an ________ is usually a protein or polysaccharide chain of a glycoprotein molecule that the body recognizes as "non-self." |
| | A) | allergin |
| | B) | antigen |
| | C) | antibody |
| | D) | complement |
| | E) | interferon |
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45 | |
The immune system is chemically able to tell "self" from "non-self" based on a lock-and-key receptor-antigen fit. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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46 | |
B lymphocytes mature in the bloodstream. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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47 | |
T lymphocytes mature in the ________ . |
| | A) | bone marrow |
| | B) | lymph in the general lymphatic system |
| | C) | thymus gland |
| | D) | thyroid gland |
| | E) | spleen |
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48 | |
B cells give rise to plasma cells which produce ________. |
| | A) | allergin |
| | B) | antigen |
| | C) | antibody |
| | D) | complement |
| | E) | interferon |
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49 | |
Antibodies bind with antigens in a lock-and-key manner. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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50 | |
T cells produce antibodies. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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51 | |
Certain T cells attack and destroy antigen-bearing cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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52 | |
There is a different lymphocyte type for each possible antigen. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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53 | |
A plasma cell is a mature B cell that mass produces ________. |
| | A) | allergens |
| | B) | antigens |
| | C) | antibodies |
| | D) | complement |
| | E) | interferon |
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54 | |
A B cell does not clone until its antigen is present. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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55 | |
When B cells undergo clonal expansion, they produce plasma cells and memory B cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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56 | |
Defense by T cells is called antibody-mediated immunity. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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57 | |
Humoral immunity is so called because antibodies are present in the ________. |
| | A) | tissues |
| | B) | red blood cells |
| | C) | blood and lymph |
| | D) | upper arm bone or "humerus" |
| | E) | cranium |
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58 | |
The most common type of antibody is a protein molecule with two arms. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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59 | |
The main antibody type in circulation is _______. |
| | A) | IgG |
| | B) | IgM |
| | C) | IgD |
| | D) | IgA |
| | E) | IgE |
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60 | |
________ is the largest antibody. |
| | A) | IgG |
| | B) | IgM |
| | C) | IgD |
| | D) | IgA |
| | E) | IgE |
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61 | |
IgA antibodies are found in _______. |
| | A) | body secretions such as saliva and milk |
| | B) | blood and on mast cells in tissues |
| | C) | lymph |
| | D) | general plasma |
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62 | |
IgG antibodies _________. |
| | A) | are responsible for allergic reactions |
| | B) | stimulate complement production |
| | C) | bind to pathogens their toxins |
| | D) | trigger inflammation |
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63 | |
IgM antibodies _________. |
| | A) | attack microbes |
| | B) | activate complement and clump cells |
| | C) | attack bacterial toxins |
| | D) | are responsible for allergic reactions |
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64 | |
IgA antibodies attack microbes and bacterial toxins. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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65 | |
________ antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions. |
| | A) | IgG |
| | B) | IgM |
| | C) | IgD |
| | D) | IgA |
| | E) | IgE |
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66 | |
There is/are ________ main types of T cell(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
| | E) | five |
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67 | |
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell? |
| | A) | cytotoxic T cells |
| | B) | helper T cells |
| | C) | memory T cells |
| | D) | plasma T cell |
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68 | |
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy ________. |
| | A) | bacteria |
| | B) | viruses |
| | C) | cells that produce toxins or poisons |
| | D) | antigen-bearing cells |
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69 | |
Cytotoxic T cells storage vacuoles contain _______. |
| | A) | antibodies |
| | B) | perforin molecules |
| | C) | complement |
| | D) | IgG |
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70 | |
Perforin molecules function to ________. |
| | A) | perforate a cell membrane |
| | B) | stimulate production of complement |
| | C) | trigger production of interferon |
| | D) | label a cell for attack by cytotoxic T cells |
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71 | |
Perforin molecules form holes in plasma membranes, allowing _________. |
| | A) | water and salt to enter a cell |
| | B) | vital cell contents to leak out |
| | C) | macrophages to phagocytize cells |
| | D) | IgG to bind with foreign proteins |
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72 | |
________ T cells are the only T cells involved in cell-mediated immunity. |
| | A) | Cytotoxic |
| | B) | Helper |
| | C) | Memory |
| | D) | Suppressor |
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73 | |
HIV that causes AIDS infects _______. |
| | A) | helper T cells |
| | B) | cytotoxic T cells |
| | C) | suppressor T cells |
| | D) | memory T cells |
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74 | |
Helper T cells regulate immunity by increasing the response of other immune cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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75 | |
When exposed to an antigen, helper T cells enlarge and secrete messenger molecules called ________. |
| | A) | antibodies |
| | B) | perforin |
| | C) | complement |
| | D) | IgG |
| | E) | cytokines |
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76 | |
Cytokines _________. |
| | A) | stimulate white blood cell formation |
| | B) | trigger inflammation |
| | C) | depress antibody production |
| | D) | make the body more susceptible to cancer |
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77 | |
________ are antibodies of one specific type, all produced by plasma cells derived from the same B cell, and capable of identifying unique cells and infectious agents. |
| | A) | Lymphokines |
| | B) | Inflammatory reactions |
| | C) | Complement fixations |
| | D) | Antibody-mediated immunity |
| | E) | Monoclonal antibodies |
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78 | |
With the human ABO blood types in the below transfusions, which person would safely receive blood lacking foreign antigens? |
| | A) | a type A person received type B blood |
| | B) | a type B person received type A blood |
| | C) | a type O person received type B blood |
| | D) | a type A person received type AB blood |
| | E) | a type A person received type O blood |
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79 | |
Why is hemolytic disease of the newborn (Rh-conflict) described as a likely problem only when the mother is Rh-negative and the father is Rh-positive? |
| | A) | a type Rh-negative father is not possible since it is sex-linked |
| | B) | the type Rh-negative is so rare that Rh-negative fathers are too uncommon |
| | C) | a type Rh-negative fetus in an Rh-positive mother does not expose the mother to any new antigens and therefore does not trigger any immune response |
| | D) | this was just the way the textbook gave the possible example and the reverse situation is just as much a problem |
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80 | |
When an immune system overreacts to an antigen or forms antibodies to substances that are usually NOT recognized as foreign, it results in _______. |
| | A) | immune deficiency disease |
| | B) | allergic response |
| | C) | autoimmune disease |
| | D) | edema |
| | E) | hemolytic disease |
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81 | |
Myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are examples of ________. |
| | A) | immune deficiency diseases |
| | B) | normal inflammatory reactions |
| | C) | autoimmune diseases |
| | D) | failure of the B cells to defend the body |
| | E) | failure of the T cells to defend the body |
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82 | |
Thanks to new biotechnology, there are now cures for all autoimmune diseases. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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