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1 | |
Which of the following are the parts of neurons? |
| | A) | brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column |
| | B) | dendrite, axon, and cell body |
| | C) | sensory and motor |
| | D) | cortex, medulla and sheath |
| | E) | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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2 | |
A dendrite conducts nerve impulses ________ the cell body. |
| | A) | away from |
| | B) | toward |
| | C) | both toward and away from |
| | D) | around, bypassing |
| | E) | only inside |
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3 | |
An axon conducts nerve impulses _________ the cell body. |
| | A) | away from |
| | B) | toward |
| | C) | both toward and away from |
| | D) | around, bypassing |
| | E) | only inside |
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4 | |
Which of the following is/are type(s) of neurons? |
| | A) | sensory |
| | B) | motor |
| | C) | interneurons |
| | D) | all of the above |
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5 | |
Sensory nerve cells act as the decision-making cells to sum up all signals for certain stimuli. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
Neuroglial cells support and provide nutrition for the ________. |
| | A) | muscle cells |
| | B) | glands |
| | C) | neurons |
| | D) | nephrons |
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7 | |
Neurons often have many short dendrites and a long axon. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | |
A sensory neuron of the peripheral nervous system take nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the ________ . |
| | A) | motor neurons |
| | B) | interneurons |
| | C) | autonomic nervous system |
| | D) | central nervous system |
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9 | |
Nerve impulses go from sensory neurons in sense organs directly to the muscles and glands that respond. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
An interneuron has _____________. |
| | A) | long dendrites and a short axon |
| | B) | long dendrites and a long axon |
| | C) | short dendrites and a long axon |
| | D) | short dendrites and a long or short axon |
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11 | |
Schwann cells are the main neurons of the spinal cord. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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12 | |
Schwann cells are one of several types of ________ cells in the nervous system. |
| | A) | sensory |
| | B) | motor |
| | C) | association |
| | D) | neuroglial |
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13 | |
Schwann cells produce layers of membrane containing myelin, which provides nutrition for the dendrites. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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14 | |
Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______. |
| | A) | nodes of Ranvier |
| | B) | the synapse |
| | C) | axonal interstices |
| | D) | myelinoids |
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15 | |
_______ is a disease of the myelin sheath. |
| | A) | Leprosy |
| | B) | Alzheimer disease |
| | C) | Multiple sclerosis |
| | D) | Polio |
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16 | |
A nerve impulse is the way a sensory neuron receives information. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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17 | |
Nerve impulses create a change in voltage which is measured by and can be seen on a(n) ________. |
| | A) | stethoscope |
| | B) | electrocardiogram |
| | C) | oscilloscope |
| | D) | laparoscope |
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18 | |
Axoplasm is the ________ . |
| | A) | blood plasma that nourishes a nerve |
| | B) | fluid external to the axon but inside the myelin sheath |
| | C) | cytoplasm of the dendrite |
| | D) | cytoplasm of the axon |
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19 | |
When the axon is conducting an impulse, the oscilloscope records a constant membrane potential, equal to about -65mV. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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20 | |
The resting potential indicates that the inside of the neuron is ________ compared to the outside. |
| | A) | under ionic pressure |
| | B) | positive |
| | C) | negative |
| | D) | inactive |
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21 | |
The "sodium-potassium pump" pumps ___________. |
| | A) | sodium ions out and potassium ions in |
| | B) | sodium ions in and potassium ions out |
| | C) | sodium and potassium ions in |
| | D) | sodium and potassium ions out |
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22 | |
The action potential pattern that appears on the oscilloscope screen is caused by rapid ________. |
| | A) | polarity changes |
| | B) | pH changes |
| | C) | breakdown of the membrane structure |
| | D) | all of the above |
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23 | |
The action potential is measured in millivolts (mV) and is ranged from: |
| | A) | -90mV to +20mV |
| | B) | -70mV to +30mV |
| | C) | -65mV to +40mV |
| | D) | -30mV to +60mV |
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24 | |
With an action potential, depolarization of the axomembrane is recorded as the gates open, allowing ________ to flow into the axon. |
| | A) | potassium ions |
| | B) | H+ ions |
| | C) | sodium ions |
| | D) | all of the above |
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25 | |
The action potential changes the charge inside the axon from positive to negative. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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26 | |
A nerve fiber obeys an all-or-none law insofar as it either fires or does not fire depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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27 | |
As the action potential swings down, |
| | A) | potassium ions move out of the axon. |
| | B) | potassium ions move into the axon. |
| | C) | sodium ions move into the axon. |
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28 | |
As the potassium ions move out of the axon, the oscilloscope records a ________. |
| | A) | depolarization |
| | B) | repolarization |
| | C) | equalizing of negative and positive ions |
| | D) | shutdown of the membrane pumps |
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29 | |
A refractory period is___________. |
| | A) | a brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse |
| | B) | the period during which potassium and sodium ions are completely stable |
| | C) | the same as the resting potential |
| | D) | the short time the myelin sheath provides insulation from another impulse |
| | E) | is a reverse impulse that resets the sodium and potassium balance |
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30 | |
In humans, transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft is carried out by ________. |
| | A) | sodium ions |
| | B) | potassium ions |
| | C) | neurotransmitter molecules |
| | D) | the nodes of Ranvier |
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31 | |
Transmission across a synapse is achieved mainly by a________ . |
| | A) | ionic bonding |
| | B) | diffusion of neurotransmitter across the cleft |
| | C) | physical contact of axon to dendrite allowing the nerve impulse to continue onward |
| | D) | diffusion of sodium ions across the cleft |
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32 | |
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are two well-known _________. |
| | A) | postsynaptic receptors |
| | B) | enzymes that rapidly inactivate neurotransmitters |
| | C) | drugs of abuse |
| | D) | neurotransmitters |
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33 | |
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ________ membrane. |
| | A) | axonal |
| | B) | cell body |
| | C) | presynaptic |
| | D) | postsynaptic |
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34 | |
Which of the following is an enzyme that breaks down a neurotransmitter? |
| | A) | acetylcholine |
| | B) | serotonin |
| | C) | dopamine |
| | D) | acetylcholinesterase |
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35 | |
_________ is the summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals. |
| | A) | Acting potential |
| | B) | Reticular formation |
| | C) | Neurotransmission |
| | D) | Synapse |
| | E) | Integration |
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36 | |
Excitatory signals have a ________ effect. |
| | A) | hyperpolarizing |
| | B) | neutral |
| | C) | depolarizing |
| | D) | positive |
| | E) | negative |
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37 | |
What are the main divisions of the nervous system? |
| | A) | the sensory system and the motor system |
| | B) | the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system |
| | C) | the dendritic and the axonal systems |
| | D) | the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems |
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38 | |
The peripheral nervous system includes the nerves, which are neurons with cell bodies that occur in the ________. |
| | A) | sympathetic nervous system |
| | B) | brain, spinal cord, or in ganglia |
| | C) | motor system |
| | D) | autonomic system |
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39 | |
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) lies outside the central nervous system (CNS). |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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40 | |
The PNS nerves are part of either the somatic system or the ________ . |
| | A) | motor system |
| | B) | central nervous system |
| | C) | sympathetic system |
| | D) | parasympathetic system |
| | E) | autonomic system |
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41 | |
The somatic system contains nerves that control _________. |
| | A) | skeletal muscles |
| | B) | internal organs, joints, and glands |
| | C) | skeletal muscles, skin, and glands |
| | D) | smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands |
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42 | |
How many pairs of cranial nerves do humans have? |
| | A) | 4 |
| | B) | 12 |
| | C) | 16 |
| | D) | 21 |
| | E) | 31 |
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43 | |
Humans have 12 pairs of spinal nerves. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Nerves are structures that contain many short fibers joined end-to-end. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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45 | |
The peripheral nervous system includes mixed nerves that _________. |
| | A) | serve the muscular and skeletal system |
| | B) | serve the sympathetic system |
| | C) | serve the parasympathetic system |
| | D) | contain both sensory and motor fibers |
| | E) | do not always know how to respond |
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46 | |
The sensory neurons that come from internal organs send impulses to the CNS where reflex actions _____________. |
| | A) | are critical to conscious decision making |
| | B) | help maintain homeostasis |
| | C) | trigger all neurotransmitters |
| | D) | control our emotional moods |
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47 | |
Which of the following are characteristic of the sympathetic system? |
| | A) | inhibits the digestive tract |
| | B) | dilates the bronchi |
| | C) | accelerates the heartbeat |
| | D) | all of the above |
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48 | |
The parasympathetic system is called the "housekeeper system" because it keeps us alert and ready for "fight or flight." |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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49 | |
Which of the following is/are characteristic of the parasympathetic system? |
| | A) | causes the pupil to contract |
| | B) | promotes digestion of food |
| | C) | retards the heartbeat |
| | D) | all of the above |
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50 | |
The central nervous system consists of the ____________. |
| | A) | combination of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
| | B) | brain and spinal cord |
| | C) | combined sensory and motor systems |
| | D) | cranial and spinal nerves |
| | E) | sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems |
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51 | |
The part of the body that integrates the information it receives from all over the body in order to make decisions is called the ________. |
| | A) | peripheral nervous system |
| | B) | sympathetic nervous system |
| | C) | parasympathetic nervous system |
| | D) | central nervous system |
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52 | |
The central nervous system consists only of the brain. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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53 | |
The brain and spinal cord are protected by membranes known as the ________. |
| | A) | nodes of Ranvier |
| | B) | meninges |
| | C) | axomembranes |
| | D) | myelin sheath |
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54 | |
Cerebrospinal fluid is found only in the brain. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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55 | |
Higher thought processes for learning and memory are primarily in the ________. |
| | A) | medulla oblongata |
| | B) | cerebellum |
| | C) | cerebrum |
| | D) | pons |
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56 | |
The ________ contains centers for heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. |
| | A) | cerebellum |
| | B) | cerebrum |
| | C) | spinal cord |
| | D) | medulla oblongata |
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57 | |
The medulla oblongata contains reflex centers for _______________. |
| | A) | vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, and swallowing |
| | B) | kneejerk and blinking |
| | C) | sexual response |
| | D) | fast responses on test questions |
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58 | |
The main function of the cerebellum is ___________. |
| | A) | consciousness |
| | B) | muscle coordination |
| | C) | homeostasis |
| | D) | sense reception |
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59 | |
Which of the following areas of the cerebral cortex have been mapped in detail? |
| | A) | motor |
| | B) | sensory |
| | C) | association |
| | D) | all of the above |
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60 | |
The two halves of the brain, the left brain and the right brain, are NOT connected and share no communication. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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61 | |
Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the_________. |
| | A) | brain, which accounts for its mental effects |
| | B) | muscles, which accounts for its effect on movement |
| | C) | liver, where it disrupts glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
| | D) | bloodstream, which is why it has widespread effects |
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62 | |
The biological effects of excess alcohol include(s) ____________. |
| | A) | lactic acid builds up and the blood becomes more acidic |
| | B) | excess active acetate cannot be broken down and the liver becomes fatty |
| | C) | fibrous scar tissue forms and liver cells die |
| | D) | high levels of calories, but too few amino acids, vitamins or minerals |
| | E) | all of the above are correct |
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63 | |
The nicotine in cigarette smoke_________. |
| | A) | has been found to be perfectly harmless |
| | B) | causes an excess of dopamine which leads to drug dependence |
| | C) | decreases heartbeat rate and blood pressure |
| | D) | increases urine flow |
| | E) | all of the above |
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64 | |
A person does not become physically dependent on marijuana. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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65 | |
The active ingredient in marijuana is____________. |
| | A) | nicotine |
| | B) | cocaine from Erythroxylum cocoa |
| | C) | dopamine |
| | D) | THC or tetrahydrocannabinol from the Cannabis sativa resin |
| | E) | an alkaloid of opium |
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66 | |
The active ingredient in cocaine is ____________. |
| | A) | nicotine |
| | B) | a plant alkaloid from the Erythroxylum cocoa shrub |
| | C) | dopamine |
| | D) | THC or tetrahydrocannabinol from the Cannabis sativa resin |
| | E) | an alkaloid of opium |
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67 | |
High doses of cocaine can cause death from cardiac and respiratory arrest. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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68 | |
Cocaine affects the mood by interfering with the uptake of ________ from synaptic clefts. |
| | A) | nicotine |
| | B) | oxygen |
| | C) | dopamine |
| | D) | acetylcholine |
| | E) | epinephrine |
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69 | |
When a person needs more of a drug to feel the same high, it is called ________. |
| | A) | dependence |
| | B) | compensation |
| | C) | tolerance |
| | D) | withdrawal |
| | E) | dysphoria |
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70 | |
Withdrawal from drugs is a safe procedure and does NOT cause any longterm physical harm. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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71 | |
"Ice" is a form of methamphetamine that is used as a substitute for cocaine. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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72 | |
Called "ice," methamphetamine is _____________. |
| | A) | a chemical that uses frozen water in its production, hence its name |
| | B) | a pure, crystalline hydrochloride salt |
| | C) | a new plant alkaloid extracted from marijuana |
| | D) | a mixture of heroin and cocaine |
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73 | |
Methamphetamine is different from cocaine in that its effects are temporary. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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74 | |
MPPP is an analogue of the narcotic fentanyl. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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