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1 | |
When we study a(n) ______, we are concerned with the community plus its physical and chemical environment. |
| | A) | habitat |
| | B) | niche |
| | C) | ecosystem |
| | D) | population |
| | E) | species |
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2 | |
An ecosystem possesses _________. |
| | A) | only living components |
| | B) | only non-living components |
| | C) | both living and non-living components |
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3 | |
______ are autotrophic organisms with the ability to carry on photosynthesis and to make food for themselves. |
| | A) | Herbivores |
| | B) | Carnivores |
| | C) | Omnivores |
| | D) | Producers |
| | E) | Consumers |
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4 | |
Examples of consumers include ____________. |
| | A) | herbivores |
| | B) | carnivores |
| | C) | omnivores |
| | D) | all of the above |
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5 | |
Decomposers break down detritus, which is living organic matter. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | |
Every ecosystem is characterized by which fundamental phenomena? |
| | A) | energy flow and chemical cycling |
| | B) | energy and matter |
| | C) | water and soil |
| | D) | evaporation and precipitation |
| | E) | a balance in energy production and energy loss |
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7 | |
______ flows through an ecosystem and does NOT cycle. |
| | A) | Water |
| | B) | Nitrogen |
| | C) | Energy |
| | D) | Carbon |
| | E) | Oxygen |
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8 | |
Energy flow begins when producers take inorganic nutrients from the physical environment. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | |
Energy flows through an ecosystem because when one form of energy is transformed into another form, and there is always a loss of some energy as heat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | |
With every energy transformation, some energy is degraded into a less available form such as ___________ . |
| | A) | chemical energy |
| | B) | fossil fuels |
| | C) | biomass |
| | D) | calories |
| | E) | heat |
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11 | |
A ___________ indicates who eats whom in an ecosystem. |
| | A) | food pyramid |
| | B) | food web |
| | C) | biomass weight |
| | D) | calorimeter |
| | E) | trophic level |
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12 | |
When numerous food chains link to each other in an ecosystem, it is known as a(n) _________. |
| | A) | food pyramid |
| | B) | food web |
| | C) | food cluster |
| | D) | feeding guild |
| | E) | energy pyramid |
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13 | |
All organisms that feed at each link in a food chain comprise a/an ______. |
| | A) | trophic level |
| | B) | biomass |
| | C) | food pyramid |
| | D) | energy pyramid |
| | E) | calorie |
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14 | |
In some ecosystems, there is more energy stored in the forest floor and the primary consumer feeds mostly on detritus. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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15 | |
Because some organisms move from soil to above ground plants, the ______ food chain is connected to a grazing food chain. |
| | A) | detritus |
| | B) | pyramidal |
| | C) | energy |
| | D) | climax |
| | E) | trophic |
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16 | |
The trophic structure of an ecosystem can be summarized in the form of an ______. |
| | A) | detritus dendrogram |
| | B) | ecological pyramid |
| | C) | energy network |
| | D) | climax schematic |
| | E) | trophic level chart |
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17 | |
An ecological pyramid contains __________. |
| | A) | a producer trophic level |
| | B) | a consumer trophic level |
| | C) | higher predator level(s) |
| | D) | all of the above |
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18 | |
Ecological pyramids are built from a ____________. |
| | A) | pyramid of numbers |
| | B) | pyramid of energy |
| | C) | pyramid of biomass |
| | D) | all of above |
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19 | |
______ is the weight of living material at some particular time. |
| | A) | Energy content |
| | B) | Trophic level |
| | C) | Biomass |
| | D) | An ecosystem |
| | E) | A pyramidal cross section |
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20 | |
A pyramid of energy shows that there is an increasing amount of energy available at each successive trophic level. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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21 | |
Less energy is available at each successive trophic level of the pyramid of energy because __________. |
| | A) | only a fraction of the available food is captured by the next trophic level |
| | B) | some of the food that is eaten cannot be digested |
| | C) | only a portion of the food that is digested becomes part of the organism's body |
| | D) | all of the above |
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22 | |
Because only about ten percent of the energy of one trophic level is converted into organisms at the next trophic level, ___________. |
| | A) | food chains are rarely longer than 4 or 5 links |
| | B) | there are far fewer big fierce animals |
| | C) | a lot of tissue is available to decomposers |
| | D) | there will nearly always be more herbivore tissues than carnivore tissues |
| | E) | all of the above are true |
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23 | |
It is generally stated that only about ______ % of the energy available at one trophic level is incorporated into the tissues of animals at the next level. |
| | A) | 10 |
| | B) | 20 |
| | C) | 30 |
| | D) | 40 |
| | E) | 80 |
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24 | |
In contrast to energy, ___________ do/does cycle through large natural ecosystems. |
| | A) | aquifers |
| | B) | inorganic chemicals |
| | C) | trophic levels |
| | D) | ATP |
| | E) | vital life forces |
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25 | |
For each chemical element essential for life the cycling process involves __________. |
| | A) | a reservoir |
| | B) | an exchange pool |
| | C) | the biotic community |
| | D) | all of the above |
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26 | |
The two general categories of biogeochemical cycles are the ________ cycles. |
| | A) | biological and geological |
| | B) | biogeographical and geological |
| | C) | solid and liquid |
| | D) | gaseous and sedimentary |
| | E) | costly and free |
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27 | |
Groundwater located in permeable layers of rock is called a/an ___________. |
| | A) | reservoir |
| | B) | aquifer |
| | C) | artesian well |
| | D) | spring |
| | E) | transpiration zone |
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28 | |
Given enough time, all water eventually returns to the ________. |
| | A) | aquifers |
| | B) | lakes and ponds |
| | C) | atmosphere through transpiration |
| | D) | atmosphere through evaporation |
| | E) | oceans |
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29 | |
In the carbon cycle, both terrestrial and aquatic organisms exchange _________ with the atmosphere. |
| | A) | sugar (C6H12O6) |
| | B) | oxygen gas |
| | C) | carbon monoxide |
| | D) | carbon dioxide |
| | E) | methane (CH4) |
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30 | |
Respiration releases carbon dioxide, the molecule needed for photosynthesis. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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31 | |
When aquatic organisms respire, the carbon dioxide they give off becomes bicarbonate. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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32 | |
Most of the fossil fuels were formed during the Cretaceous period. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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33 | |
The oceans are a primary reservoir for carbon in the form of ________. |
| | A) | marine plants |
| | B) | calcium carbonate shells |
| | C) | marine animals |
| | D) | coal |
| | E) | oil |
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34 | |
There is much concern that an increased amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is causing global ______. |
| | A) | warming |
| | B) | shortage of carbon |
| | C) | shortage of oxygen |
| | D) | cooling |
| | E) | ozone depletion |
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35 | |
From 1850 to the present, monitoring stations recorded an increase of carbon dioxide measuring ______ ppm. |
| | A) | 7 ppm |
| | B) | 70 ppm |
| | C) | 700 ppm |
| | D) | 7000 ppm |
| | E) | 70,000 ppm |
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36 | |
The relationship between ______ and aerobic cellular respiration should be kept in mind when discussing the carbon cycle. |
| | A) | photosynthesis |
| | B) | trophic levels |
| | C) | pollution |
| | D) | food pyramids |
| | E) | food webs |
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37 | |
Examples of greenhouse gases are ________. |
| | A) | carbon dioxide |
| | B) | nitrous oxide |
| | C) | methane |
| | D) | water vapor |
| | E) | all of the above |
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38 | |
There has been a recent increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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39 | |
If nothing is done to control the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, a/an ______ in global temperature is expected. |
| | A) | rise |
| | B) | drop |
| | C) | evening off |
| | D) | random fluctuation |
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40 | |
The ecological effects of a 5 degree C rise in global temperature would be minor. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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41 | |
Nitrogen makes up ______ % of the atmosphere by volume. |
| | A) | 48 |
| | B) | 68 |
| | C) | 78 |
| | D) | 94 |
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42 | |
Plants cannot incorporate nitrogen into organic compounds and therefore depend on ______ to make nitrogen available to them. |
| | A) | animals |
| | B) | viruses |
| | C) | geological uplift |
| | D) | bacteria |
| | E) | humans |
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43 | |
Nitrogen fixation occurs when nitrogen is converted to a form plants can use and becomes part of the organic compounds. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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44 | |
Nitrogen fixation also occurs after plants take up ______ from the soil and produce amino acids and nucleic acids. |
| | A) | nitrates |
| | B) | ammonium |
| | C) | nitrates |
| | D) | legumes |
| | E) | proteins |
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45 | |
______ is the production of nitrates. |
| | A) | Nitrogen fixation |
| | B) | Denitrification |
| | C) | Nitrogen cycling |
| | D) | Decomposition |
| | E) | Nitrification |
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46 | |
Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate to ________. |
| | A) | bacteria |
| | B) | organic compounds |
| | C) | nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas |
| | D) | ammonium |
| | E) | fertilizer |
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47 | |
Photochemical smog contains __________. |
| | A) | ozone and PAN (peroxylacetyl nitrate) |
| | B) | acid rain |
| | C) | mostly ammonium |
| | D) | phosphate ions |
| | E) | all of the above |
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48 | |
Breathing ozone affects the _________. |
| | A) | respiratory and nervous systems |
| | B) | digestive and circulatory systems |
| | C) | nervous and endocrine systems |
| | D) | heart and brain |
| | E) | reproductive system, primarily causing sterility |
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49 | |
______ deposition is associated with dead or dying lakes and forests. |
| | A) | Thermal |
| | B) | Acid |
| | C) | CFC |
| | D) | Ozone |
| | E) | Nitrogen |
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50 | |
Acid deposition can cause ________. |
| | A) | flooding of low areas |
| | B) | corrosion of marble, metal, and stonework |
| | C) | increased tree growth |
| | D) | respiratory difficulty |
| | E) | all of the above |
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51 | |
When nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide combine with water vapor in the atmosphere, it produces _______. |
| | A) | global warming |
| | B) | acid deposition |
| | C) | the ozone hole |
| | D) | photochemical smog |
| | E) | a thermal inversion |
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52 | |
Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react with one another in the presence of sunlight to produce _______. |
| | A) | global warming |
| | B) | acid deposition |
| | C) | the ozone hole |
| | D) | photochemical smog |
| | E) | a thermal inversion |
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53 | |
During a thermal ______, cold air is found at ground level beneath a layer of warm, stagnant air above. |
| | A) | aquifer |
| | B) | deposition |
| | C) | decline |
| | D) | inversion |
| | E) | cline |
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54 | |
When molecules such as organochlorides are not degraded by natural processes, they accumulate as they move up the food chain, a process called _________. |
| | A) | inversion |
| | B) | eutrophication |
| | C) | deposition |
| | D) | biological magnification |
| | E) | phosphorus cycling |
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55 | |
Phosphorus differs from the nitrogen, carbon and water cycles because phosphorus _________. |
| | A) | is itself a pollutant |
| | B) | is not a necessary nutrient for living organisms |
| | C) | is not involved in pollution |
| | D) | does not enter the atmosphere and is a sedimentary cycle |
| | E) | all of the above |
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56 | |
Ozone shield destruction is primarily caused by ________. |
| | A) | chlorofluorocarbons and halons |
| | B) | methane |
| | C) | nitrous oxide |
| | D) | carbon dioxide |
| | E) | phosphorus |
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57 | |
One/Some of the concerns associated with air pollutants is/are _______. |
| | A) | photochemical smog |
| | B) | acid deposition |
| | C) | global warming |
| | D) | destruction of the ozone shield |
| | E) | all of the above |
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58 | |
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were agents used in production of refrigerants and styrofoam. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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59 | |
The atmosphere has two layers, the stratosphere and the ______. |
| | A) | troposphere |
| | B) | lithosphere |
| | C) | cosmosphere |
| | D) | biosphere |
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60 | |
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer farthest away from the earth's surface. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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