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1 | |
__________ refers to global evaluations of the self. |
| | A) | Self-esteem |
| | B) | Self-perception |
| | C) | Self-concept |
| | D) | Self-efficacy |
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2 | |
Children in the middle and late childhood period of development are also in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages? |
| | A) | trust versus mistrust |
| | B) | autonomy versus shame and doubt |
| | C) | initiative versus guilt |
| | D) | industry versus inferiority |
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3 | |
Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development include all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | it places too much emphasis on moral thought, not enough on moral behavior. |
| | B) | it is culturally biased. |
| | C) | it considers family processes essentially unimportant in children's moral development. |
| | D) | it places females at a higher level of morality than males. |
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4 | |
Carol Gilligan (1996) has found that as girls reach adolescence they: |
| | A) | become increasingly moral. |
| | B) | adopt a justice perspective of morality. |
| | C) | increasingly silence their "distinctive voice." |
| | D) | become more outspoken about their inner feelings. |
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5 | |
The correct order of Kenneth Dodge's (1983) stages of processing social information is: |
| | A) | enacting, searching for a response, decoding social cues, interpreting, selecting an optimal response. |
| | B) | decoding social cues, interpreting, searching for a response, selecting an optimal response, enacting. |
| | C) | searching for a response, decoding social cues, selecting an optimal response, enacting, interpreting. |
| | D) | interpreting, selecting an optimal response, decoding social cues, enacting, searching for a response. |
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6 | |
The ____________ important endocrine gland(s) for controlling growth and regulating other glands. |
| | A) | hypothalamus is an |
| | B) | pituitary gland is an |
| | C) | thalamus is an |
| | D) | gonads are |
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7 | |
With respect to use of contraceptives: |
| | A) | adolescent girls are increasing their use, but adolescent boys are decreasing their use. |
| | B) | adolescent boys are increasing their use, but adolescent girls are decreasing their use. |
| | C) | both adolescent boys and girls are increasing their use. |
| | D) | both adolescent boys and girls are decreasing their use. |
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8 | |
All of the following are health risks for infants of adolescent mothers EXCEPT: |
| | A) | low birthweight. |
| | B) | neurological problems. |
| | C) | childhood illness. |
| | D) | chlamydia. |
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9 | |
A child in the formal operational thought stage of cognitive development is MOST likely to engage in which of the following activities? |
| | A) | using building blocks to determine how houses are constructed |
| | B) | writing a story about a clown who wants to leave the circus |
| | C) | drawing pictures of a family using stick figures |
| | D) | writing an essay about patriotism |
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10 | |
The Carnegie Corporation (1989) recommendations for improving middle schools in the United States included all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | lower the student counselor ratios to 10:1. |
| | B) | get parents involved. |
| | C) | integrate physical health into the curriculum. |
| | D) | promote continuity by keeping all class sessions the same length. |
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11 | |
The term that James Marcia uses to refer to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is: |
| | A) | value. |
| | B) | desire. |
| | C) | commitment. |
| | D) | involvement. |
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12 | |
Which statement best reflects Erik Erikson's (1968) belief about the relationship between culture and identity development? |
| | A) | Culture plays a critical role in identity development. |
| | B) | In some individuals, cultural factors may play a role in identity development. |
| | C) | For all individuals, cultural factors play a minor role in identity development. |
| | D) | Cultural factors have no influence on identity development. |
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13 | |
Research by Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) suggests that: |
| | A) | adolescents who do not have close friendships experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth. |
| | B) | adolescents depend more on their parents than on their friends for a sense of self-worth. |
| | C) | adolescents with no close friends learn to develop a sense of autonomy. |
| | D) | as adolescents get older, they begin to spend as much time with their friends as with their parents. |
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14 | |
One of the major limitations of studies on the effects of ethnicity is that may play a larger causal role than ethnic heritage, but it is difficult to tease the two variables apart. |
| | A) | race |
| | B) | innate physical variation |
| | C) | socioeconomic status |
| | D) | language |
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15 | |
The text states that all of the following have been proposed as causes of juvenile delinquency EXCEPT: |
| | A) | heredity. |
| | B) | identity problems. |
| | C) | family experiences. |
| | D) | boredom. |
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16 | |
Approximately what percentage of the American population is sufficiently overweight to be at increased health risk? |
| | A) | one-quarter |
| | B) | one-third |
| | C) | one-half |
| | D) | two-thirds |
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17 | |
A longitudinal study by Jerald Bachman (1997) found all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | college students drink less than youths who end their education after high school. |
| | B) | people who do not go to college smoke more. |
| | C) | non-married people use marijuana more than married individuals. |
| | D) | becoming engaged, married, or remarried brings down alcohol use. |
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18 | |
A study of sexual activity by Michael et al. (1994) found all of the following EXCEPT: |
| | A) | married couples have sex more than single people. |
| | B) | the favorite sexual act was oral sex. |
| | C) | adultery is the exception rather than the rule. |
| | D) | men think about sex far more than women do. |
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19 | |
The most common of all sexually transmitted diseases is: |
| | A) | syphilis. |
| | B) | gonorrhea. |
| | C) | chlamydia. |
| | D) | genital herpes. |
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20 | |
With respect to adult cognitive processes, psychologist K. Warner Schaie (1977) concluded that: |
| | A) | adults now enter a post-formal operational stage involving more complex strategies. |
| | B) | many adults revert back to a pragmatic concrete stage rather than using formal operational thought. |
| | C) | adults do not go beyond formal operational thought, but they do progress in how they use their intellect. |
| | D) | adults in certain careers (e.g., higher education) tend to go into a post-formal operational stage, but most others do not. |
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21 | |
According to research by Thomas and Chess children who had a(n) ________ temperament at 3-5 years of age were ________ to be well-adjusted as young adults. |
| | A) | easy/likely |
| | B) | difficult/likely |
| | C) | shy /likely |
| | D) | shy/not likely |
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22 | |
Consensual validation refers to: |
| | A) | the adolescent's first experiences of sexual intercourse. |
| | B) | support for one's attitudes and behavior through another person's similar attitudes and behavior |
| | C) | parental acceptance of their offspring as independent adults. |
| | D) | attraction among similar individuals. |
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23 | |
In his triangular theory of love, Robert Sternberg describes all of the following types of love EXCEPT: |
| | A) | passion. |
| | B) | intimacy. |
| | C) | commitment. |
| | D) | romance. |
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24 | |
In a study of beliefs in marriage myths among college students, Jeffrey Larson (1988) found that: |
| | A) | college students' beliefs about marriage are surprisingly realistic. |
| | B) | females tended to approach the subject of marriage more realistically than males. |
| | C) | highly romantic students are likely to experience more marital stability. |
| | D) | the low participation rate in the study indicates that low interest in the subject of marriage seems characteristic among college students generally. |
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25 | |
In her research on intimate relationships, Harriet Lerner (1989) has found that: |
| | A) | many men distance themselves from their partner when the going gets rough, rather than work on the relationship. |
| | B) | once a person has reached his or her early twenties, it is nearly impossible to learn to move differently in key relationships. |
| | C) | it is important for women to bring a strong, assertive, independent, authentic self to their relationships. |
| | D) | the future well-being of the world rests on women improving their relationships, and men improving their self-development. |
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26 | |
Obesity has been linked to: |
| | A) | hypertension and digestive disorders. |
| | B) | cancer. |
| | C) | early visible signs of aging. |
| | D) | prostate disorders in men. |
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27 | |
In the Ni-Hon-San Study of Japanese men, those living in __________ had the highest rate of coronary heart disease. |
| | A) | Hiroshima |
| | B) | Nagasaki |
| | C) | Honolulu |
| | D) | San Francisco |
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28 | |
What type of hormonal changes do middle-aged men experience? |
| | A) | loss of their capacity to father children |
| | B) | modest increase in sexual activity |
| | C) | psychological adjustment to declining physical energy |
| | D) | a dramatic drop in testosterone levels |
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29 | |
According to John Horn, in middle age: |
| | A) | crystallized intelligence increases, while fluid intelligence begins to decline. |
| | B) | fluid intelligence increases, while crystallized intelligence begins to decline. |
| | C) | both crystallized and fluid intelligence increase. |
| | D) | both crystallized and fluid intelligence begin to decline. |
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30 | |
What is the relation between religion and the ability to cope with stress? |
| | A) | Religiousness has been shown to be an ineffective strategy for coping with stress. |
| | B) | Religiousness can help some individuals cope more effectively with their lives. |
| | C) | Religiousness often promotes anxiety, thus inducing stress. |
| | D) | There appears to be little if any relationship between religiousness and the ability to cope with stress. |
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31 | |
According to George Vaillant: |
| | A) | a majority of middle-aged adults go through a midlife crisis. |
| | B) | the forties are a time for reassessing and recording the truth about the adolescent and adulthood years. |
| | C) | there is a great deal of empirical research to support Gail Sheehy's observations. |
| | D) | individuals between ages 40 and 60 are more nervous and worried than those under 40. |
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32 | |
The "social clock," as described by Bernice Neugarten (1986), is a: |
| | A) | timetable for accomplishing life's tasks. |
| | B) | way to assess how extraverted or introverted an individual is. |
| | C) | way to assess how extraverted or introverted a couple is. |
| | D) | biological timetable that guides certain of life's tasks such as bearing children. |
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33 | |
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae determined that the "big five" personality factors: |
| | A) | showed different patterns of development during middle adulthood. |
| | B) | became the "big three" as adults matured. |
| | C) | go through a series of developmental stages. |
| | D) | remain relatively stable during the middle adult years. |
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34 | |
The empty nest syndrome predicts that parents experience decreased marital satisfaction when the children leave home. Research has found that: |
| | A) | marital satisfaction does, in fact, decrease. |
| | B) | marital satisfaction actually increases. |
| | C) | conflict between parents and their children decreases. |
| | D) | conflict between parents and their children increases. |
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35 | |
When three levels of acculturation are observed in Mexican American families, they are usually: |
| | A) | children at beginning level, mothers at intermediate level, fathers at advanced level. |
| | B) | fathers at beginning level, mothers at intermediate level, children at advanced level. |
| | C) | mothers at beginning level, children at intermediate level, fathers at advanced level. |
| | D) | mothers at beginning level, fathers at intermediate level, children at advanced level. |
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36 | |
Who would be classified as the "oldest old"? |
| | A) | Methuselah, who is 78 |
| | B) | Eve, who is 83 |
| | C) | Noah, who is 88 |
| | D) | All three are among the oldest old |
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37 | |
Suzman's (1997) survey found all of the following account for decline in disability among the elderly EXCEPT: |
| | A) | exercise. |
| | B) | not smoking. |
| | C) | socioeconomic status. |
| | D) | improvements in medical care. |
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38 | |
A study by Matthias et al. (1997) of more than 1,200 adults with a mean age of 77 found: |
| | A) | over half of them had participated in sexual activity in the past month. |
| | B) | two-thirds were satisfied with their current level of sexual activity. |
| | C) | almost 75 percent of them had discontinued having sex within the past 5 years. |
| | D) | the men were more sexually active than the women. |
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39 | |
The leading cause of death among the elderly is: |
| | A) | heart disease. |
| | B) | cancer. |
| | C) | influenza. |
| | D) | diabetes. |
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40 | |
Vitamin supplements called antioxidants may affect health by counteracting effects of: |
| | A) | white corpuscles. |
| | B) | DNA changes. |
| | C) | free radicals. |
| | D) | cholesterol. |
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41 | |
In the Berlin study of aging, the key factors accounting for age differences in intelligence were: |
| | A) | visual and auditory acuity. |
| | B) | amount of early education. |
| | C) | quality of early education. |
| | D) | experience with taking tests. |
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42 | |
The text has noted that older adults return to school because they: |
| | A) | become obsolete due to technological changes. |
| | B) | want to learn more about aging. |
| | C) | have a desire to learn more effective cognitive and social-coping skills. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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43 | |
The terminal drop hypothesis claims that death is preceded by a decrease in: |
| | A) | physical functioning. |
| | B) | cognitive functioning. |
| | C) | social interaction. |
| | D) | emotional attachment. |
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44 | |
________ is a progressive, irreversible disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning. |
| | A) | Cognitive dementia |
| | B) | Alzheimer's disease |
| | C) | Multi-infarct dementia |
| | D) | Schizophrenia |
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45 | |
When compared with younger adults, adults over the age of 65 receive ________ of psychological services. |
| | A) | more than their share |
| | B) | less than their share |
| | C) | about the same amount |
| | D) | substantially more than their share |
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46 | |
Those who adopt a disengagement theory of aging believe that: |
| | A) | as older adults slow down, they gradually withdraw from society. |
| | B) | the more active adults are, the less likely they will age. |
| | C) | the more active adults are, the more satisfied they will be. |
| | D) | reduced social interaction leads to decreased satisfaction with life. |
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47 | |
Socioemotional selectivity theory argues that older adults deliberately withdraw from social contact with: |
| | A) | individuals peripheral to their lives. |
| | B) | close friends. |
| | C) | family members. |
| | D) | all but a few close family members and health-care professionals. |
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48 | |
Research by Kasser and Ryan (1999) assessing the emotional well-being of older adults in nursing homes found that is linked with overall well-being. |
| | A) | emotional quality |
| | B) | number of the residents' social contacts |
| | C) | education |
| | D) | activity level |
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49 | |
All of the following are examples of ageism EXCEPT: |
| | A) | not being hired for a new job. |
| | B) | when older couples holding hands are labeled as "cute" and "adorable." |
| | C) | when older adults are asked to serve as "grandparents" for teenage parents. |
| | D) | being eased out of their jobs because they are perceived as feebleminded. |
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50 | |
Within the United States, which of the following groups of older people would be the poorest? |
| | A) | African American females |
| | B) | Latina females |
| | C) | Asian American females |
| | D) | ethnic American males who must depend on churches for assistance |
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51 | |
Active euthanasia is: |
| | A) | allowing the patients, if they so choose, to self-administer a lethal dose of drug. |
| | B) | letting the patient die naturally. |
| | C) | the intentional administration of a lethal drug dose by medical personnel to the dying patient. |
| | D) | allowing the dying patient to decide when painkilling drugs should be administered. |
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52 | |
In the United States, about ________ percent of all deaths occur in institutions or hospitals. |
| | A) | 20 |
| | B) | 50 |
| | C) | 80 |
| | D) | 90 |
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53 | |
During which stage of death is a person most likely to request to be alone? |
| | A) | denial |
| | B) | bargaining |
| | C) | depression |
| | D) | acceptance |
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54 | |
A major criticism of Kübler-Ross' stages of dying is that they: |
| | A) | don't actually form an invariant sequence. |
| | B) | only apply to females. |
| | C) | last much longer than she thought. |
| | D) | only explain the pattern found in older adults. |
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55 | |
Cross-cultural research suggests that healthy grieving involves: |
| | A) | breaking bonds with the deceased. |
| | B) | survivors returning to their autonomous lifestyles. |
| | C) | forgetting the deceased as quickly as possible. |
| | D) | a wide range of patterns, with no one ideal way to grieve. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education