Answer all of the questions.
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1 | |
The maximum life span of humans since the beginning of recorded history has: |
| | A) | increased. |
| | B) | almost caught up with that of the Galapagos turtles. |
| | C) | decreased. |
| | D) | remained the same. |
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2 | |
The AIDS epidemic in the United States would be an example of a: |
| | A) | normative age-graded influence. |
| | B) | normative history-graded influence. |
| | C) | nonnormative life event. |
| | D) | storm-and-stress event. |
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3 | |
Which of the following would involve a cognitive process? |
| | A) | hormonal changes at puberty |
| | B) | an infant responding to her mother's touch with a smile |
| | C) | an elderly couple's affection for each other |
| | D) | putting together a two-word sentence |
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4 | |
Researchers who are proponents of the nurture perspective would argue that: |
| | A) | genetics determines all behavior. |
| | B) | the environment a person is raised in determines that individual's longevity. |
| | C) | how long an individual's parents lived is the best predictor of that individual's longevity. |
| | D) | genetics and the environment in which an individual is raised will jointly determine that person's longevity. |
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5 | |
The answers to questions about the issues of nature-nurture, continuity-discontinuity, and stability-change: |
| | A) | influence public policy decisions and how people live their lives. |
| | B) | have little influence on public policy decisions, but do influence how people live their lives. |
| | C) | influence public policy decisions, but have little influence on how people live their lives. |
| | D) | are primarily concerns for psychologists, but end up having little impact in policy or people's lifestyle choices. |
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6 | |
Freud believed defense mechanisms reduce: |
| | A) | anxiety. |
| | B) | dependence on others. |
| | C) | pleasure. |
| | D) | schizophrenia. |
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7 | |
Erik Erikson's theory emphasized: |
| | A) | repeated resolutions of unconscious conflicts about sexual energy. |
| | B) | success in confronting specific conflicts at particular ages in life. |
| | C) | changes in children's thinking as they mature. |
| | D) | the influence of sensitive periods in the various stages of biological maturation. |
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8 | |
All of the following statements represent Vygotsky's views of development EXCEPT: |
| | A) | the child's way of knowing is best advanced through internal mechanisms, which are separate from the social environment. |
| | B) | the child's cognitive skills can be understood only when they are developmentally analyzed and interpreted. |
| | C) | cognitive skills are mediated by words, language, and forms of discourse, which serve as psychological tools for facilitating and transforming mental activity. |
| | D) | cognitive skills have their origins in social relations and are embedded in a sociocultural backdrop. |
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9 | |
According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, the three factors that reciprocally influence development involve: |
| | A) | behavior, the person, and the environment. |
| | B) | punishment, reward, and reinforcement. |
| | C) | memory, problem solving, and reasoning. |
| | D) | cognition, reward, and observation. |
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10 | |
One of the most important applications of ethological theory to human development involves: |
| | A) | John Bowlby's research demonstrating that critical periods are evident in birds, but do not occur in humans. |
| | B) | John Bowlby's research demonstrating that attachment to a caregiver in the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span. |
| | C) | John Bowlby's research demonstrating that despite negative or insecure attachment in the first year, the individual is still likely to develop into a healthy adult. |
| | D) | Mary Salter Ainsworth's research demonstrating a lack of connection between attachment early in life and later life adjustment. |
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11 | |
According to Baltes, the benefits of evolutionary selection: |
| | A) | increase with age. |
| | B) | decrease with age. |
| | C) | remain the same over the life span. |
| | D) | first increase in early adulthood, then decrease following the decline in reproductive capacity. |
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12 | |
A person's genetic heritage is his or her: |
| | A) | genotype. |
| | B) | phenotype. |
| | C) | dominant character. |
| | D) | recessive character. |
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13 | |
Which of these syndromes is NOT sex-linked? |
| | A) | sickle-cell anemia |
| | B) | Klinefelter syndrome |
| | C) | Turner syndrome |
| | D) | XYY syndrome |
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14 | |
Which is a disadvantage of adoption in comparison to medical treatments for infertility? |
| | A) | Adoptive parents tend not to try as hard as nonadoptive parents to care for their children. |
| | B) | Adopted children are more likely than nonadopted children to have adjustment problems. |
| | C) | Adoption is more likely to involve third parties than nonadoption. |
| | D) | Biological parents find it easier to love their children than do adopting parents. |
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15 | |
Craig Ramey and colleagues (1984, 1998) studied the effects of early intervention on intelligence. They found that can significantly raise the intelligence of young children from impoverished environments. |
| | A) | providing medical care and dietary supplements |
| | B) | high-quality early educational day care |
| | C) | teaching mothers parenting skills |
| | D) | placing children into adoptive homes with highly intelligent parents |
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16 | |
2 Human fertilization typically takes place |
| | A) | ovary. |
| | B) | fallopian tube. |
| | C) | uterus. |
| | D) | vaginal canal. |
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17 | |
6 How does the placenta/umbilical cord life-support system prevent harmful bacteria from invading a fetus? |
| | A) | Bacteria are too large to pass through the placenta walls. |
| | B) | The placenta generates antibodies that attack and destroy bacteria. |
| | C) | Bacteria become trapped in the maze of blood vessels of the umbilical cord. |
| | D) | No one understands how the placenta keeps bacteria out. |
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18 | |
11 __________ are important dimensions for providing adequate health care for expectant mothers from various cultural groups. |
| | A) | Cultural assessments |
| | B) | Home care remedy evaluations |
| | C) | Hospice care options |
| | D) | Neonatal care units |
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19 | |
23 A physician might elect to give a pregnant mother an oxytocic if: |
| | A) | her contractions have stopped. |
| | B) | she is bleeding vaginally. |
| | C) | she has stopped ovulating. |
| | D) | her placenta has partially detached. |
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20 | |
30 Which of the following statements about a shortened gestation period is most accurate? |
| | A) | It is common for low-birthweight infants. |
| | B) | It often leads to organ malformation. |
| | C) | It is almost always devastating. |
| | D) | It alone does not necessarily harm an infant. |
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21 | |
6 Charles Nelson has made great strides in finding out about the brain's development in infancy by using: |
| | A) | PET scans. |
| | B) | MRIs. |
| | C) | electrodes. |
| | D) | CT scans. |
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22 | |
Research on language processing in the brain has found that: |
| | A) | virtually all language is carried out in the left hemisphere. |
| | B) | virtually all language is carried out in the right hemisphere. |
| | C) | in normal people, the complex thinking required to produce language results from communication between both hemispheres. |
| | D) | in normal people, tasks involving logical thinking are carried out in the left hemisphere and those involving creative thinking occur in the right hemisphere. |
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23 | |
Infants require about ________ calories a day for each pound they weigh. |
| | A) | 25 |
| | B) | 50 |
| | C) | 75 |
| | D) | 100 |
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24 | |
As a researcher who uses the developmental biodynamics perspective, Dr. Sandee would: |
| | A) | describe the ages at which various motor achievements are reached. |
| | B) | describe universal milestones (e.g., crawling, walking) as a process of adaptation. |
| | C) | explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of brain maturation. |
| | D) | explain the ages at which various motor achievements are reached as a result of maturation of the central nervous system. |
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25 | |
One current controversy concerning the medical treatment of infants involves: |
| | A) | the use of small amounts of cocaine to stimulate the heart rate of sluggish neonates. |
| | B) | the rule of now allowing mothers to hold their at-risk low-birthweight neonate immediately after birth. |
| | C) | not using any anesthetics when performing surgery on young infants. |
| | D) | the fact that a mother's opinion outweighs a father's when it comes to a decision of whether a child should be given a heart transplant. |
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26 | |
Jean Piaget gathered the information for his |
| | A) | reviewing the literature on cognitive development. |
| | B) | surveying thousands of parents. |
| | C) | observing his own children. |
| | D) | testing hundreds of children in his laboratory. |
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27 | |
Research by Renée Baillargeon has found that: |
| | A) | infants as young as 4 months of age have intermodal perception. |
| | B) | infants as young as 4 months of age expect objects to be substantial and permanent. |
| | C) | equipment for testing children under 4 months of age is not yet sophisticated enough to provide useful information about perception. |
| | D) | infants are not able to see objects as bounded, unitary, solid, and separate from their background until they are at least 4 months old. |
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28 | |
________ occurs when repeated exposure to the same stimulus results in a reduced reaction to that stimulus. |
| | A) | Habituation |
| | B) | Object permanence |
| | C) | Transference |
| | D) | Dishabituation |
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29 | |
The _________ has been predictive of academic achievement at 6 or 8 years of age. |
| | A) | Piagetian Sensorimotor Scales |
| | B) | Bayley Scales of Infant Development |
| | C) | Gesell Developmental Schedules |
| | D) | Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scales |
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30 | |
In their study of language development in children, Hart and Risley (1995) found that: |
| | A) | middle-income professional parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the welfare parents did. |
| | B) | welfare parents spent almost twice as much time communicating with their children as the middle-income professional parents did. |
| | C) | in the United States, there were few differences between the amount of time middle-income professional parents and welfare parents spent communicating with their children. |
| | D) | the amount of time that parents spent communicating with their children made little difference in terms of the children's later language abilities. |
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31 | |
Carroll Izard (1982) developed the Maximally Discriminative Facial Movement Coding System (MAX), which is a system designed to measure: |
| | A) | attention. |
| | B) | emotion. |
| | C) | memory. |
| | D) | fear. |
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32 | |
Temperament is best defined as: |
| | A) | the way an individual reacts to a special person in the environment. |
| | B) | an individual's general behavioral style. |
| | C) | the emotions experienced by infants and children. |
| | D) | the reaction displayed by a parent when a child engages in an unwanted activity. |
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33 | |
The research of Harry Harlow and Robert Zimmerman (1959) found that the critical element in the attachment process is: |
| | A) | oral satisfaction. |
| | B) | contact comfort. |
| | C) | feeding the infant. |
| | D) | consistent interaction. |
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34 | |
Mary Ainsworth believes that attachment security depends on: |
| | A) | how sensitive and responsive the caregiver is to infant signals. |
| | B) | the mother's love and concern for the welfare of her child. |
| | C) | the consistency of parental responses during the child-care routine. |
| | D) | reinforcement of attachment behaviors by the caregiver. |
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35 | |
Jerome Kagan has emphasized the importance of __________ as a determinant of social competence. |
| | A) | bonding |
| | B) | temperament |
| | C) | peer responsiveness |
| | D) | learning |
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36 | |
Myelination improves the efficiency of the central nervous system in the same way that: |
| | A) | talking to an infant speeds his ability to produce a first word. |
| | B) | reducing the distance between two children playing catch reduces the time it takes for a baseball to travel form one child to the other. |
| | C) | the ingestion of certain chemicals (e.g., steroids) can improve overall muscle development. |
| | D) | the insulation around an electrical extension cord improves its efficiency. |
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37 | |
Exposure to __________ increases children's risk for developing such medical problems as pneumonia, bronchitis, middle ear infections, burns, and asthma. |
| | A) | tobacco smoke |
| | B) | cocaine |
| | C) | lead |
| | D) | pesticides |
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38 | |
Which of the following questions is typical of the preoperational child? |
| | A) | "How many different piles of toys can I make from my toys?" |
| | B) | "How much is two plus two?" |
| | C) | "Where does the moon go when it's light out?" |
| | D) | "Do you see the same thing I do, Daddy?" |
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39 | |
Which of the following reflects Lev Vygotsky's beliefs about language and thought? |
| | A) | Children who engage in high levels of private speech are usually socially incompetent. |
| | B) | Children use internal speech earlier than they use external speech. |
| | C) | All mental functions have external or social origins. |
| | D) | Language and thought initially develop together and then become independent. |
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40 | |
Overgeneralization of language rules indicates: |
| | A) | a failure to apply language rules. |
| | B) | children's guesses about language rules. |
| | C) | the use of language rules. |
| | D) | the imitation of language rules. |
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41 | |
A major distinction between autonomous morality and heteronomous morality is that autonomous moral thinkers focus on the: |
| | A) | consequences of behavior. |
| | B) | intentions of someone who breaks a rule. |
| | C) | way a specific behavior makes them feel. |
| | D) | rewards moral behavior will bring. |
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42 | |
Gender identity refers to the: |
| | A) | biological dimension of being male or female. |
| | B) | social and psychological dimensions of being male or female. |
| | C) | sense of being male or female. |
| | D) | set of expectations that prescribe how males or females should think, act, or feel. |
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43 | |
In the 1930s, John Watson argued that parents: |
| | A) | should provide their children with a nurturing environment. |
| | B) | should put their children on a regular schedule for feeding, toileting, and sleeping. |
| | C) | are too affectionate with their children. |
| | D) | are not sufficiently affectionate with their children. |
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44 | |
All of the following are dimensions of Baumrind's parenting styles EXCEPT: |
| | A) | acceptance. |
| | B) | responsiveness. |
| | C) | rejection. |
| | D) | control. |
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45 | |
The research on the effects of divorce on children suggests that: |
| | A) | most children competently cope with their parents' divorce. |
| | B) | older children are better able to cope with their parents' divorce. |
| | C) | children from divorced families have slightly more adjustment problems than children from nondivorced families. |
| | D) | generally speaking, it is better for the children if parents remain in a marriage even if there is a great deal of conflict. |
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46 | |
Which of the following class of drugs is most likely to be given to a child to control attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? |
| | A) | stimulants |
| | B) | depressants |
| | C) | tranquilizers |
| | D) | relaxants |
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47 | |
All of the following are criticisms of Piaget's work EXCEPT: |
| | A) | not all concepts of a cognitive stage develop at the same time. |
| | B) | changing the tasks that measure cognitive development changes skills children can exhibit. |
| | C) | children can be trained to do tasks that they should not be able to do given the cognitive stage they are in. |
| | D) | some of the skills Piaget identified appear much later than he suggested. |
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48 | |
__________ is defined as verbal ability, problem-solving skills, and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences. |
| | A) | Creativity |
| | B) | Intelligence |
| | C) | Metacognition |
| | D) | Wisdom |
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49 | |
The purpose of the first intelligence test designed by Alfred Binet and Theophile Simon was to: |
| | A) | identify students who should be placed in special classes. |
| | B) | identify gifted students who should be placed in accelerated training programs. |
| | C) | measure intelligence so that future success could be predicted. |
| | D) | form a basic definition of intelligence and find definitive answers to what intelligence is. |
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50 | |
All of the following are potential problems with IQ tests EXCEPT: |
| | A) | scores on an IQ test can easily lead to stereotypes. |
| | B) | IQ tests can be used as the sole indicator of a person's competence. |
| | C) | there may be problems in interpreting the meaningfulness of the overall IQ score. |
| | D) | IQ tests can be used to predict how well a student might be expected to perform in school. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education