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1 | |
_______ are children of about the same age or maturity level. |
| | A) | Play groups |
| | B) | Cohorts |
| | C) | Peers |
| | D) | Friends |
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2 | |
One of the most important functions of the peer group is to: |
| | A) | foster love and understanding. |
| | B) | act as a surrogate for the parents. |
| | C) | teach the importance of friendship. |
| | D) | teach about the world outside the family. |
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3 | |
Experimental studies of monkeys and case studies of humans support all of the following conclusions, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | peer relationships are not necessary for normal social development in children. |
| | B) | peer relationships contribute to the normal social development of children. |
| | C) | attachment to peers produces different effects than does attachment to adults. |
| | D) | isolation from peers can produce social maladjustment. |
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4 | |
Which of the following would be found in both parent-child relationships as well as children's peer relationships? |
| | A) | touching |
| | B) | equality |
| | C) | rough-and-tumble play |
| | D) | support in times of stress |
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5 | |
Which of the following is NOT a typical pattern of peer interaction as children move from early childhood to adolescence? |
| | A) | Positive peer interactions increase. |
| | B) | Negative peer interactions increase. |
| | C) | The proportion of aggressive exchanges, compared to friendly exchanges, increases. |
| | D) | Rough-and-tumble play increases. |
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6 | |
All of the following children are likely to be popular with their peers, EXCEPT those who: |
| | A) | give out lots of reinforcement. |
| | B) | listen carefully to what others have to say. |
| | C) | always try to please others. |
| | D) | are self-confident. |
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7 | |
Samantha has few friends at school. Other children pay little attention to her, but no one actively dislikes her. Samantha is probably a _______ child. |
| | A) | rejected |
| | B) | neglected |
| | C) | latchkey |
| | D) | controversial |
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8 | |
In terms of peer relations, Pedro is a rejected child. To teach him how to gain popularity with his peers, Pedro's counselor should encourage him to: |
| | A) | join a group of peers, but avoid asking them questions. |
| | B) | gain status by talking about items of personal interest to him, even if they are of no interest to others. |
| | C) | get peers to pay attention to him through some positive activity (e.g., treating the class to pizza). |
| | D) | teach him to regulate his emotions. |
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9 | |
In a study by Olweus (1980), victims of bullies were found to have parents who were: |
| | A) | rejecting, authoritarian, or permissive. |
| | B) | anxious and overprotective. |
| | C) | authoritative or permissive. |
| | D) | victims themselves. |
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10 | |
To reduce bullying, the text suggests all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | get older peers to serve as monitors for bullying and intervene when they see it taking place. |
| | B) | suspend bullies from school for victimizing other children. |
| | C) | form friendship groups for children who are regularly bullied by peers. |
| | D) | incorporate the antibullying message into community activities where the children are involved. |
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11 | |
The correct order of Kenneth Dodge's (1983) stages of processing social information is: |
| | A) | enacting, searching for a response, decoding social cues, interpreting, selecting an optimal response. |
| | B) | decoding social cues, interpreting, searching for a response, selecting an optimal response, enacting. |
| | C) | searching for a response, decoding social cues, selecting an optimal response, enacting, interpreting. |
| | D) | interpreting, selecting an optimal response, decoding social cues, enacting, searching for a response. |
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12 | |
In a study by Asarnow and Callan (1985), boys with peer adjustment problems were more likely than boys without problems to: |
| | A) | generate alternative solutions to problems. |
| | B) | propose more assertive solutions to problems. |
| | C) | give more intense aggressive solutions to problems. |
| | D) | evaluate physically aggressive responses less positively. |
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13 | |
Play therapy is based on the notion that: |
| | A) | play relaxes children and acts as a calming influence. |
| | B) | if the child feels less threatened, true feelings will be displayed. |
| | C) | the child will model adaptive behavior during play. |
| | D) | increased cognitive functioning during play allows the child to understand whatever problem is being experienced. |
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14 | |
Which developmentalist believed that play is exciting and pleasurable because it satisfied our exploratory drive? |
| | A) | Daniel Berlyne |
| | B) | Lev Vygostsky |
| | C) | Jean Piaget |
| | D) | Sigmund Freud |
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15 | |
Parten's play categories are examples of increasingly complex and interactive: |
| | A) | pretense/symbolic play. |
| | B) | social play. |
| | C) | instructional play. |
| | D) | academic play. |
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16 | |
Practice play differs from sensorimotor play in that practice play: |
| | A) | is common in the infancy stage of development. |
| | B) | involves coordination of skills. |
| | C) | revolves around the use of symbols. |
| | D) | is done for its own sake. |
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17 | |
Mrs. Johnson passes out a sheet of sturdy paper to each of the children in her second-grade class. She then instructs them to take out their crayons and draw a picture of their school principal. Most of the children in class do not like the principal because, like Mrs. Johnson, he is strict and doesn't listen to them. Considering these facts, is the task Mrs. Johnson assigned an example of constructive play? |
| | A) | Yes, because it combines sensorimotor and practice repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas. |
| | B) | Yes, because it is a playlike activity allowed in a work-centered classroom. |
| | C) | No, this is actually pretense/symbolic play because the children are transforming their physical environment into a symbol. |
| | D) | No, because they did not get to choose to do it and they do not find it enjoyable. |
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18 | |
Games in elementary school involve all of the following, EXCEPT that they: |
| | A) | are engaged in for pleasure. |
| | B) | involve representation. |
| | C) | include rules. |
| | D) | feature the meaningfulness of a challenge. |
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19 | |
Tamara's friend Shelley is someone she can confide in and get good advice from, and her friend Tanya is interesting and introduces her to many new things to do. The functions each of these friendships serves, respectively, are: |
| | A) | companionship; social comparison. |
| | B) | intimacy/affection; stimulation. |
| | C) | ego support; physical support. |
| | D) | intimacy/affection; similarity. |
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20 | |
Research by Harry Stack Sullivan (1953) suggests that: |
| | A) | adolescents who do not have close friendships experience loneliness and a reduced sense of self-worth. |
| | B) | adolescents depend more on their parents than on their friends for a sense of self-worth. |
| | C) | adolescents with no close friends learn to develop a sense of autonomy. |
| | D) | as adolescents get older, they begin to spend as much time with their friends as with their parents. |
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21 | |
Based on his 40-year study of peer relations, Hartup (1996) found all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | children often use friends as cognitive and social resources on a regular basis. |
| | B) | although not as advantageous as supportive friendships, even coercive friendships can be developmentally advantageous. |
| | C) | normative transitions, such as moving from elementary to middle school, are negotiated more competently by children who have friends. |
| | D) | supportive friendships between socially skilled individuals are developmentally advantageous. |
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22 | |
The most consistent finding in the last two decades of research on adolescent friendships is that _______ is an important feature of friendship. |
| | A) | intimacy |
| | B) | similarity |
| | C) | support |
| | D) | proximity |
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23 | |
Which of the following statements is NOT true about female-male friendships in the adult years? |
| | A) | Adults are more likely than children and adolescents to have female-male friendships. |
| | B) | Problems may arise in female-male friendships because a woman wants sympathy when she expresses a problem but the man offers a directive solution. |
| | C) | Problems may arise in female-male friendships because of unclear sexual boundaries. |
| | D) | Adults are more likely than children to have as many female-male friendships as same-sex friendships. |
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24 | |
Laura, an elderly woman, will be most content if she: |
| | A) | continues to make new friends. |
| | B) | has at least three close people in her network. |
| | C) | has several close people in her network. |
| | D) | remarries after her divorce. |
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25 | |
Which of the following children is most likely to conform to peer pressure to engage in antisocial acts such as shoplifting or drawing graffiti? |
| | A) | Andrew, who is in seventh grade |
| | B) | Brandon, who is in ninth grade |
| | C) | Charles, who is a high school sophomore |
| | D) | Dale, who is a high school senior |
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26 | |
A study of clique membership by Brown and Lohr (1987) revealed that the individuals with the lowest self-esteem were the: |
| | A) | jocks. |
| | B) | populars. |
| | C) | druggies. |
| | D) | nobodies. |
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27 | |
One of the main factors that distinguishes cliques is: |
| | A) | socioeconomic status. |
| | B) | group norms regarding school orientation. |
| | C) | individual interests. |
| | D) | parental supervision and monitoring. |
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28 | |
Adolescents who join youth organizations are more likely to experience all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | participate in community activities in adulthood. |
| | B) | conform to peer pressure. |
| | C) | have higher self-esteem. |
| | D) | develop their interpersonal and organizational skills. |
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29 | |
When Rosaria sold her business and retired, she gradually became less active and began to withdraw from society. This is an example of the ______ theory of aging. |
| | A) | activity |
| | B) | life review |
| | C) | life satisfaction |
| | D) | disengagement |
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30 | |
Omar, an older retired adult who maintains his interest in friends, gold, and the stock market, illustrates which theory of aging? |
| | A) | engagement |
| | B) | disengagement |
| | C) | activity |
| | D) | social construction |
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31 | |
Activity theory holds that when one of an older person's roles is taken away, the individual should: |
| | A) | withdraw from society. |
| | B) | become self-preoccupied. |
| | C) | lessen emotional ties with others. |
| | D) | find a replacement role. |
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32 | |
_______ is defined as prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults. |
| | A) | Ageism |
| | B) | Scapegoating |
| | C) | The generation gap |
| | D) | Senility |
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33 | |
All of the following are examples of ageism, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | not being hired for a new job. |
| | B) | when older couples holding hands are labeled as "cute" and "adorable." |
| | C) | when older adults are asked to serve as "grandparents" for teenage parents. |
| | D) | being eased out of their jobs because they are perceived as feebleminded. |
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34 | |
People in crises are better able to deal with and recover from these events when they have good: |
| | A) | health. |
| | B) | supportive relationships. |
| | C) | coping skills. |
| | D) | intellectual skills. |
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35 | |
According to research by Janice Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues (1991), caregivers who care for an older person are likely to: |
| | A) | feel a great sense of fulfillment. |
| | B) | experience much anger and frustration. |
| | C) | receive support themselves from family members or their religious groups. |
| | D) | become depressed and have suppressed immune systems. |
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36 | |
Researchers have found that _______ is especially important to successful aging. |
| | A) | lack of stress |
| | B) | good genes |
| | C) | the ability to cope successfully with stress |
| | D) | being active. |
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37 | |
The concept of _______ is often used to describe perceived control over the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes. |
| | A) | self-esteem |
| | B) | self-control |
| | C) | self-efficacy |
| | D) | self-satisfaction |
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38 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of culture described by Richard Brislin (1993)? |
| | A) | Culture is made up of ideals, values, and assumptions about life that guide people's behavior. |
| | B) | Culture consists of those aspects of the environment that people make. |
| | C) | Culture allows few if any compromises. |
| | D) | Culture's influence becomes noticed the most in well-meaning clashes between people from difference cultural backgrounds. |
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39 | |
Research by Donald Campbell and his colleagues revealed that people in all cultures tend to: |
| | A) | emphasize the "self" over the group. |
| | B) | understand that people in different cultures may view the world differently. |
| | C) | feel favorably toward members of other cultural groups. |
| | D) | perceive their cultural customs as universally valid. |
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40 | |
Kong Meng grew up in a culture that emphasized values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, interdependence of the members, and harmonious relationships. He grew up in what type of society? |
| | A) | collectivistic |
| | B) | individualistic |
| | C) | communistic |
| | D) | socialistic |
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41 | |
A ceremony that marks an individual's transition from one status to another (such as adolescence to adulthood) is called a: |
| | A) | rite of passage. |
| | B) | transitory stage. |
| | C) | period of transition. |
| | D) | ritualistic transition. |
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42 | |
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood in American culture? |
| | A) | There are many points of transition to adulthood in American culture. |
| | B) | There is an abrupt entry into adulthood in American culture. |
| | C) | The end of adolescence in American culture is more clearly marked by biological change than by social milestones. |
| | D) | No specific event marks the end of adolescence in American culture. |
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43 | |
Which 72-year-old has a characteristic that is NOT typically associated with elevating the status of elderly individuals within a culture? |
| | A) | Uri, who is increasingly turning over responsibility and authority to his oldest son. |
| | B) | Henry, who controls his family's wealth. |
| | C) | Haing, who possesses information valuable to the welfare of his country. |
| | D) | James, who is given promotions and more authority in his company based on performance and time on the job. |
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44 | |
Generally, members of a society have all of the following, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | occupations that vary in prestige. |
| | B) | varying levels of education. |
| | C) | similar access to natural resources. |
| | D) | different levels of power. |
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45 | |
Which industrialized nation has the highest percentage of children living in poverty? |
| | A) | Canada |
| | B) | Great Britain |
| | C) | Sweden |
| | D) | the United States |
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46 | |
Studies of children living in poverty have shown all of the following consequences, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | poorer quality of home environment. |
| | B) | lower IQs. |
| | C) | more internalized behavior problems. |
| | D) | greater resilience. |
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47 | |
Since the early 1980s, the percentage of older persons living in poverty has: |
| | A) | increased slightly. |
| | B) | increased dramatically. |
| | C) | decreased dramatically. |
| | D) | remained consistent. |
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48 | |
The average income of retired Americans is: |
| | A) | approximately 80 percent of what they earned at the time they retired. |
| | B) | about half of what they earned when they were fully employed. |
| | C) | greater than what they earned while working once we consider they have fewer work-related expenses such as meals, work clothes, etc. |
| | D) | about the same as what they earned while working once we consider they have fewer work-related expenses such as meals, work clothes, etc. |
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49 | |
As immigration among minorities continues to contribute to the growth in the proportion of ethnic minorities in the U.S. population, psychologists have: |
| | A) | been slow to study these families. |
| | B) | begun a series of studies to assess adaptation to American culture. |
| | C) | attempted to develop new ways to administer old tests. |
| | D) | worked hard to understand how cultural values play a role in adaptation. |
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50 | |
One of the major limitations of studies on the effects of ethnicity is that _______ may play a larger causal role than ethnic heritage, but it is difficult to tease the two variables apart. |
| | A) | race |
| | B) | innate physical variation |
| | C) | socioeconomic status |
| | D) | language |
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51 | |
Sixty-year-old Anna is a widowed African-American woman living alone. If she is typical of single, elderly African-American females in the United States, it is most likely that Anna is: |
| | A) | emotionally depressed. |
| | B) | among the physically disabled. |
| | C) | poor. |
| | D) | more in control of her life. |
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52 | |
All of the following support systems help elderly ethnic minority individuals survive in the dominant non-Latino White world, EXCEPT: |
| | A) | families. |
| | B) | income from Social Security. |
| | C) | churches. |
| | D) | neighbors. |
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education