| acoustic code | The transformation of visual experiences into an auditory message.
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| anterograde amnesia | An inability to recall events that occur after some disturbance to the brain.
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| Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model | The view that an experience is sequentially stored in the sensory register, short-term store, and long-term store.
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| cellular modification theory | The view that learning permanently alters the functioning of specific neural systems.
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| central executive | Baddeley's concept of the process that coordinates rehearsal systems and retrieves memory from and transfers information to permanent memory.
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| chunking | The combining of several units of information into a single unit.
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| clustering | The recall of information in specific categories.
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| coding | The transformation of an experience into a totally new form.
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| cued recall | A memory task that provides a stimulus that is part of the learned experience.
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| declarative memory | Factual memory, or the memory of specific events.
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| echo | The auditory record of an event contained in the sensory register.
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| echoic memory | The auditory memory of an event stored in the sensory register.
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| eidetic image | The recall of a sharp visual image of an event, which lasts for about four minutes.
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| elaboration | The extent to which an event is analyzed.
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| elaborative rehearsal | The organization of experiences while information is maintained in the short-term store.
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| episodic memory | The memory of temporally related events, or the time and place of an experience.
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| explicit measure of memory | An observable measure of the strength of a memory.
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| flashbulb memory | A vivid, detailed, and long-lasting memory of a very intense experience.
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| free recall | A memory task that requires recall with no cues available.
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| hierarchical approach | Collins and Quillian's idea that memory consists of hierarchical networks of interconnected concepts.
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| hippocampus | A brain structure in the limbic system that plays a central role in memory storage and retrieval.
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| icon | The visual copy of an event contained in the sensory register.
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| iconic memory | The visual memory of an event stored in the sensory register.
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| implicit measure of memory | A measure that provides an indirect assessment of the strength of a memory.
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| interference | An inability to recall a specific memory due to the presence of other memories.
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| Korsakoff's syndrome | The inability of alcoholics to recall past events due to a failure to permanently store experiences.
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| levels of processing view | The idea that an experience can be processed at many levels and that the deeper the experience is processed, the more likely it will be remembered.
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| long-term store | The site of permanent memory storage.
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| maintenance rehearsal | The mere repetition of information in the short-term store.
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| medial temporal lobe | A central nervous system structure, containing the hippocampus and surrounding cortical areas, that is involved in the storage and retrieval of experiences.
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| mediodorsal thalamus | A central nervous system structure involved in the storage of experiences.
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| memory attribute | A salient aspect of an event whose presence can lead to retrieval of the past event.
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| method of loci | A mnemonic technique in which items are stored in an ordered series of known locations and a specific item is recalled by visualizing that item in an appropriate location.
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| mnemonic techniques | A set of techniques to enhance the storage and retrieval of information.
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| parallel distributed processing model | The idea that memory is composed of a series of interconnected associative networks and that knowledge is distributed throughout the entire system.
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| partial report technique | A procedure that requires subjects to remember and report part of the information they learned.
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| peg word system | A mnemonic technique in which items are associated with the peg words appropriate to a particular system.
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| phonological loop | A rehearsal system that holds and analyzes verbal information.
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| priming | The facilitation of recall of specific information following exposure to closely related information.
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| procedural memory | A skill memory or the memory of a highly practiced behavior.
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| reaction time | The time it takes to react to a stimulus, which provides an implicit measure of the strength of a memory.
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| recall measure | An explicit measure of memory requiring access to an experience.
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| recognition measure | An explicit measure of memory requiring identification of a previous experience.
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| rehearsal | The repetition of an event that keeps the memory of an event in the short-term store.
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| rehearsal systems approach | Baddeley's theory that information is retained in several sensory registers for analysis by working memory.
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| retrograde amnesia | The inability to recall events that occurred prior to a traumatic event.
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| savings score | The number of trials needed to relearn a task, a score that provides an implicit measure of the strength of a memory.
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| semantic memory | The memory of knowledge concerning the use of language, and the rules for the solution of problems or acquisition of concepts.
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| sensory register | The initial storage of memory for a very brief time as an exact duplicate of the event.
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| serial position effect | The faster learning and greater recall of items at the beginning and end of a list rather than at the middle of the list.
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| short-term store | A temporary storage facility where information is modified to create a more meaningful experience.
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| spreading activation theory | The idea that once a concept or property of a concept is activated, the activation spreads to associated concepts or properties.
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| visual code | The transformation of a word into an image.
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| visuospatial sketch pad | A rehearsal system that holds and analyzes visual and spatial information.
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| whole report technique | A procedure that requires the subject to remember and report all the information they learned, if they can.
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| working memory | Information being actively processed by rehearsal systems.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education