| acquired drive | An internal drive state produced when an environmental stimulus is paired with an unconditioned source of drive.
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| anticipatory frustration response | Stimuli associated with nonreward produce a frustration state, which motivates escape from the nonrewarding environment.
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| anticipatory goal response | Stimuli associated with reward produce a conditioned arousal response, which motivates an approach to the reward.
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| anticipatory pain response | Stimuli associated with painful events produce a fear response, which motivates escape from the painful environment.
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| anticipatory relief response | Stimuli associated with termination of an aversive event produces relief, which motivates approach behavior.
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| behavior modification | Techniques for changing behavior that rely on the use of Pavlovian conditioning or instrumental or operant conditioning principles.
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| cathexis | Tolman's idea that the ability of deprivation states to motivate behavior transfers to the stimuli present during the deprivation state.
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| cognitive theories of learning | The view that learning involves a recognition of when events will occur and an understanding of how to influence those events.
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| conditioned inhibition | The permanent inhibition of a specific behavior as a result of the continued failure of that response to reduce the drive state. Alternatively, a stimulus (CS2) may develop the ability to suppress the response to another stimulus (CS1) when the CS1 is paired with a UCS and the CS2 is presented without UCS.
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| contiguity | The temporal pairing of CS and UCS.
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| contingency | The specified relationship between a specific behavior and reinforcement.
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| drive | An intense internal force that motivates behavior.
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| equivalence belief principle | Tolman's idea that the reaction to a secondary reward is the same as the original goal.
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| expectancy-value theory | Rotter's suggestion that the likelihood of behavior is determined by the perceived value of reward times the value of that reward.
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| external expectancy | The belief that there is little connection between your behavior and reward.
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| habit hierarchy | The varying level of associative strengths between a stimulus environment and the behaviors associated with that environment.
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| habit strength | The strength of the connection between a particular environmental stimulus and a specific response.
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| incentive motivation | The idea that the level of motivation is affected by magnitude of reward: the greater the reward magnitude, the higher the motivation to obtain that reward.
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| internal expectancy | The belief that one's actions determine whether a goal is reached.
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| locus of control | The generalized expectation that either internal or external factors may control behavior.
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| operant response | A behavior that controls the rate at which specific consequences occur.
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| reactive inhibition | In Hull's theory, the temporary suppression of behavior due to the persistence of a drive state after unsuccessful behavior.
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| reinforcer | An event (or termination of an event) that increases the frequency of the behavior that preceded it.
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| Sidman avoidance task | A procedure in which an animal experiences periodic aversive events unless it responds to prevent them, with the occurrence of the avoidance response delaying the occurrence of the aversive event for a specific period of time.
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| S-R (stimulus-response) associative theories | The view that learning involves the association of a specific stimulus with a specific response.
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| two-factor theory of avoidance learning | Mowrer's view that in the first stage, fear is conditioned through the classical conditioning process, and in the second stage, an instrumental or operant response is acquired that terminates the feared stimulus.
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2002 McGraw-Hill Higher Education