Learning Goals

A. Theories of Sigmund Freud

1.1 What are the views of psychoanalytic theorists?

1.2 How did Sigmund Freud develop his ideas about psychoanalytic theory?

1.3 What are the id, ego, and superego?

1.4 What are defense mechanisms?

1.5 What is repression?

1.6 What did Sigmund Freud mean by his iceberg analogy?

B. Theories of Peter Blos and Anna Freud

1.7 How did Peter Blos and Anna Freud help to shape the understanding of adolescence?

1.8 What are the characteristics of Freud's oral, anal, phallic, genital, and latency stages of psychosexual development?

1.9 What did Freud mean by the Oedipus complex?

1.10 Who was the first feminine-based criticism of Freud's theory?

C. Theories of Erik Erikson

1.11 How does Erik Erikson's theory differ from that of Freud?

1.12 How do psychosocial stages differ from psychosexual stages?

1.13 What are the characteristics of Erikson's eight life span stages--trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity versus identity confusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and integrity versus despair?

1.14 What are the primary contributions of psychoanalytic theories of adolescent development?

1.15 What are the main criticisms of psychoanalytic theories?

A. Piaget's Theory

2.1 What are the three major theories of cognitive development?

2.2 What are the characteristics of Piaget's stages of cognitive development--the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal stages?

B. Vygotsky's Theory

2.3 How does the cognitive theory of Lev Vygotsky differ from that of Piaget?

2.4 What three claims capture the heart of Vygotsky's view?

2.5 How has Vygotsky's view stimulated interest in the view that knowledge is situated and collaborative?

C. The Information-Processing Approach

2.6 What is the main emphasis of the information processingapproach?

2.7 What are the primary contributions of the cognitive theories of adolescent development?

2.8 What are the main criticisms of the cognitive theories?

A. Skinner's Behaviorism

3.1 What do behavioral and social cognitive theories emphasize?

3.2 What is the main emphasis of behaviorism?

3.3 What role does the mind play in development according to Skinner?

B. Social Cognitive Theory

3.4 Who are the architects of the contemporary version of social cognitive theory?

3.5 What is the essence of Bandura's social cognitive theory?

3.6 What are the primary contributions of the behavioral and social cognitive theories of adolescent development?

3.7 What are the main criticisms of the behavioral and social cognitive theories?

A. Ecological, Contextual Theory

4.1 How does Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological, contextual theory explain adolescent development?

4.2 What are the characteristics of the five systems that make up Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory--the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem?

4.3 What are the primary contributions of the ecological, contextual theory of adolescent development?

4.4 What are the main criticisms of the ecological, contextual theory?

B. Eclectic Theoretical Orientation

4.5 What is meant by an eclectic theoretical orientation?

A. Exploring Research

5.1 Why is research on adolescent development important?

B. The Scientific Research Approach

5.2 What are the steps in the scientific method?

5.3 What does the science part of adolescent development seek to do?

C. Adolescent Development Research

5.4 What factors reflect the growth of research on adolescent development?

5.5 Why were researchers so neglectful of adolescence until recently?

5.6 When did researchers begin to seriously challenge the early-experience doctrine?

5.7 What are the main outlets for the vast amounts of research being done on adolescence?

5.8 Where do you find professional journals?

5.9 What format do articles in professional journals usually follow?

A. Participants

6.1 What is a population?

6.2 What is a sample?

6.3 What is a random sample?

6.4 What is meant by generalization of research findings?

B. Measures

6.5 What is the difference between observation in a laboratory and naturalistic observation?

6.6 What is the video-recall technique?

6.7 How are interviews and questionnaires used to study adolescent development?

6.8 What is a limitation in using interviews or questionnaires in research?

6.9 What do standardized tests contribute to our understanding of adolescent development?

6.10 What is the most widely used standardized test of personality?

6.11 What are the three major types of physiological measures used in assessing adolescent development?

6.12 What are case studies?

A. Correlational Research

7.1 What is the goal of correlational research?

7.2 Why does correlation not equal causation?

B. Experimental Research

7.3 What does experimental research allow us to conclude about behavior?

7.4 What is the difference between the independent variable and the dependent variable?

7.5 What are the functions of the experimental group and the control group?

7.6 Why is it important to have both experimental and control groups when conducting research?

7.7 What is the value of random assignment?

C. Multiple Measures, Sources, and Contexts

7.8 What is the advantage of using multiple measures, sources, and contexts to study adolescent development?

D. Time Span of Research

7.9 What is the difference between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research?

7.10 What is the value of longitudinal research?

A. Research Challenges

8.1 What are the four main challenges faced by researchers in adolescent development?

B. Ethics

8.2 What ethical considerations guide researchers?

8.3 Why did the American Psychological Association (APA) adopt a code of ethics?

8.4 What are three important research ethics topics noted in the text?

C. Gender

8.5 What gender considerations do researchers need to take into account?

D. Ethnicity and Culture

8.6 What do ethnicity and culture have to do with research into adolescent development?

8.7 What is ethnic gloss?

8.8 What research error can ethnic gloss result in?

E. Being a Wise Consumer of Information about Adolescent Development

8.9 What six rules should you follow in order to be a wise consumer of information about adolescent development?

8.10 What is nomothetic research?

8.11 What is meant by idiographic needs?