| anal stage | According to Freud, a stage from 12 to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child's pleasure is centered on the anus
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| behavioral assessment | Direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe characteristics indicative of personality
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| biological and evolutionary approaches to personality | The theory that important components of personality are inherited
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| collective unconscious | A set of influences we inherit from our own particular ancestors, the whole human race, and even animal ancestors from the distant evolutionary past
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| defense mechanisms | Unconscious strategies people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves and others
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| ego | The part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world ego (123.0K)
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| fixation | Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occurfixation (133.0K)
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| genital stage | According to Freud, the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (i.e., sexual intercourse)
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| humanistic approaches to personality | The theory that people are basically good and tend to grow to higher levels of functioning
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| id | The raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality, whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
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| identification | The process of trying to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values
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| inferiority complex | According to Adler, a complex developed by adults who have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority they developed as children, when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world
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| latency period | According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children temporarily put aside their sexual interests
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) | A test used to identify people with psychological difficulties as well as to predict such behavior as job performance
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| neo-Freudian psychoanalysts | Psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major points
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| Oedipus conflict | A child’s sexual interest in her or her opposite-sex parent, typically resolved through identification with the same-sex parent.oedipus_conflict (191.0K)
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| oral stage | According to Freud, a stage from birth to 12 to 18 months, in which an infant's center of pleasure is the mouth
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| personality | The pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiates a person-the patterns of behaviors that make each individual unique
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| phallic stage | According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's interest focuses on the genitalsphallic_stage (168.0K)
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| projective personality test | A test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it
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| psychoanalytic theory | Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality
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| psychological tests | Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively and used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves
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| Rorschach test | A test by developed by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach that consists of showing a series of symmetrical stimuli to people and then asking them to say what the figures represent to themrorschach_test (262.0K)
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| self-actualization | According to Rogers, a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential
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| self-report measures | A method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior
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| social cognitive approaches to personality | The theory that emphasizes the influence of a person's cognitions-thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values-in determining personality
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| superego | According to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; it represents society's standards of right and wrong as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures
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| temperament | Basic, innate disposition
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| test standardization | A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A test consisting of a series of ambiguous pictures about which the person is asked to write a story
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| traits | Enduring dimensions of personality characteristics along which people differ
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| trait theory | A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality
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| unconditional positive regard | An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what the other person says or does
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| unconscious | A part of the personality of which a person is not aware, and which is a potential determinant of behavior
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