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Multiple Choice
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1

Maturation is due to
A)consistent practice.
B)learning.
C)biological changes.
D)experience.
2

_______________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Latent learning
C)Operant conditioning
D)Observational learning
3

When a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears, ______________ has occurred.
A)spontaneous recovery
B)stimulus discrimination
C)negative reinforcement
D)extinction
4

An example of a secondary reinforcer would be
A)money.
B)warmth.
C)relief from pain.
D)food.
5

Which reinforcement schedule leads to a steady rate of responses?
A)fixed-ratio
B)ratio-variable
C)variable-interval
D)fixed-interval
6

Shaping is an example of
A)classical conditioning.
B)latent learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)observational learning.
7

Most experts agree that watching high levels of media violence
A)has no effect on behavior.
B)has more negative effects than playing violent computer and video games.
C)probably sensitizes viewers to violence, increasing empathy for victims.
D)makes viewers more susceptible to acting aggressively.
8

______________ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
A)Systematic desensitization
B)Shaping
C)Behavior modification
D)Observational learning
9

In Pavlov's original experiment, the meat was the
A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)conditioned stimulus.
C)conditioned response.
D)unconditioned response.
10

After Ryan misbehaved, his parents grounded him from video games for one week. This is an example of
A)positive punishment.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)negative punishment.
D)positive reinforcement.
11

Adding something pleasant is to ______________ what removing something good is to ______________.
A)positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
B)positive punishment; negative punishment
C)negative reinforcement; positive punishment
D)positive reinforcement; negative punishment
12

Someone who contributes money to her church every Sunday donates according to a ______________ reinforcement schedule.
A)fixed-interval
B)variable-ratio
C)fixed-ratio
D)variable-interval
13

In Bandura's famous experiment, children observed adults hitting a Bobo doll and later did the same themselves. This illustrates
A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)partial reinforcement.
14

Payoffs for lotteries or raffle drawings are given on a
A)variable-interval basis.
B)fixed-ratio basis.
C)variable-ratio basis.
D)continuous basis.
15

The existence of ______________ supports the idea that learning may occur even though it is not yet evident in performance.
A)latent learning
B)partial reinforcement
C)shaping
D)classical conditioning





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