Chapter 8 focuses on the major conceptions of motivation, discussing how the different motives and needs people experience jointly affect behavior. The theories of motivation draw upon basic instincts, drives, levels of arousal, expectations, and self-realization as possible sources of motives. Thirst and hunger are two motives that have a physiological basis and the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power are learned motives. Next, the chapter presents three major theories of emotion: the James-Lange Theory, the Cannon-Bard Theory, and the Schachter-Singer Theory. The chapter concludes with similarities in facial expressions and non-verbal behavior across cultures.
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Prologue: Tour de Lance
Looking Ahead
Section 1: Explaining Motivation
Instinct Approaches: Born to Be Motivated
Drive-Reduction Approaches: Satisfying Our Needs
Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive Reduction
Incentive Approaches: Motivation's Pull
Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts Behind Motivation
Maslow's Hierarchy: Ordering Motivational Needs
Applying the Different Approaches to Motivation
Section 2: Human Needs and Motivation: Eat, Drink, and Be Daring
The Motivation Behind Hunger and Eating
Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Dieting and Losing Weight Successfully
Exploring Diversity: Female Circumcision: A Celebration of Culture-or Genital Mutilation?
The Need for Achievement: Striving for Success
The Need for Affiliation: Striving for Friendship
The Need for Power: Striving for Impact on Others
Section 3: Understanding Emotional Experiences
The Functions of Emotions
Determining the Range of Emotions: Labeling Our Feelings
The Roots of Emotions
The James-Lange Theory: Do Gut Reactions Equal Emotions?
The Cannon-Bard Theory: Physiological Reactions as the Result of Emotions
The Schachter-Singer Theory: Emotions as Labels
Contemporary Perspectives on Emotion
Applying Psychology in the 21st Century: The Truth About Lies: Do Lie Detectors Work?
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