For each of the following brief research scenarios, identify the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV). Then, identify whether the independent variable is manipulated or selected.

1		An investigator tests a hypothesis about personal space by measuring (unobtrusively) the distance between a speaker and a listener as they are observed conversing in pairs or in groups of three on a college campus. _______   a. conversing in pairs or in groups of three _______   b. distance between a speaker and a listener   Independent variable is ____ manipulated ____ selected
2		Children from three different grade levels (1st, 3rd, 5th) are presented a moral dilemma (involving a hungry person who steals food) as a test of their moral reasoning ability. _______   a. grade levels (1st, 3rd, 5th) _______   b. moral reasoning ability as measured from child’s response to moral dilemma   Independent variable is ____ manipulated ____ selected
3		A clinical psychologist uses two different "prompting methods" with adult patients to determine whether the methods differ in the degree to which memories of childhood abuse are elicited from the patients. _______   a. degree to which memories of childhood abuse are elicited from patients _______   b. two different "prompting methods"   Independent variable is ____ manipulated ____ selected
4		Employees at a manufacturing plant are asked to work under three different levels of illumination during a month-long study of worker productivity. _______   a. worker productivity _______   b. three different levels of illumination   Independent variable is ____ manipulated ____ selected