1			Which of the following is a component of the central nervous system (CNS)?
			A)	spinal cord
			B)	brain
			C)	nerve
			D)	Both A and B

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2			A mixed nerve contains
			A)	axons and dendrites.
			B)	sensory nerve fibers and astrocytes.
			C)	oligodendrocytes and motor nerve fibers.
			D)	sensory and motor nerve fibers.
3			Which of the following is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system?
			A)	cranial nerve
			B)	ganglion
			C)	spinal cord
			D)	spinal nerve

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4			The _________ portion of the motor division of the nervous system conducts action potentials from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle fibers.
			A)	afferent
			B)	autonomic
			C)	somatic
			D)	sympathetic
5			The _________ division of the nervous system conducts actions potentials from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle.
			A)	afferent
			B)	autonomic
			C)	sensory
			D)	somatic
6			The sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is known as the _________ division.
			A)	efferent
			B)	sympathetic
			C)	parasympathetic
			D)	afferent
7			Which of the following is NOT true?
			A)	Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ganglia near the spinal cord.
			B)	Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located within the CNS.
			C)	Cell bodies of the first neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in autonomic ganglia.
			D)	Interneurons are located entirely within the CNS.
8			The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are subdivisions of the
			A)	afferent nervous system.
			B)	autonomic nervous system.
			C)	central nervous system.
			D)	somatic nervous system.
9			Which of the following effectors in NOT innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
			A)	cardiac muscle
			B)	glands
			C)	skeletal muscle
			D)	smooth muscle

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10			The _________ division of the peripheral nervous system conducts actions potentials from the central nervous system to cardiac muscle.
			A)	afferent
			B)	autonomic
			C)	sensory
			D)	somatic
11			Which one of the following types of neuroglial cells is found in the peripheral nervous system?
			A)	microglia
			B)	Schwann cells
			C)	oligodendrocytes
			D)	astrocytes

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12			Which of the following types of neurons has a single process extending from the cell body which later divides a short distance away into central and peripheral processes?
			A)	unipolar
			B)	bipolar
			C)	multipolar
			D)	None of the above.

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13			Which of the following types of neuroglia are found in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and produce cerebrospinal fluid?
			A)	astrocytes
			B)	microglia
			C)	ependymal cells
			D)	oligodendrytes

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14			Which of the following is involved in the myelination of axons of the central nervous system?
			A)	microglia
			B)	asrocytes
			C)	oligodendrocytes
			D)	Schwann cells
15			Collections of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system are called
			A)	myelin
			B)	axons
			C)	dendrites
			D)	nuclei
16			Bipolar neurons
			A)	are specialized to carry voluntary motor impulses.
			B)	conduct action potentials from one neuron to another in the central nervous system.
			C)	have a single process extending from the cell body.
			D)	are located in special sensory organs such as the retina.
17			Microglia are
			A)	specialized motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
			B)	star-shaped cells that help form the blood-brain barrier.
			C)	specialized macrophages of the CNS that mobilize in response to inflammation.
			D)	found in choroid plexuses, and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

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18			Nodes of Ranvier are
			A)	interruptions in the myelin sheath along the course of a myelinated axon
			B)	collections of immune cells in the CNS
			C)	satellite cells that support neuron cell bodies in ganglia
			D)	gaps between choroids plexuses where cerebral spinal fluid emerges

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19			White matter consists of
			A)	myelinated axons
			B)	unmyelinated axons
			C)	neuron cell bodies
			D)	unmyelinated axons and neuron cell bodies
20			Gray matter consists of
			A)	neuron cell bodies
			B)	unmylinated axons
			C)	nerve tracts
			D)	Both A and B.
21			Which of the following is found in the central nervous system?
			A)	ganglion
			B)	nerve
			C)	tract
			D)	Schwann cell
22			When a nerve cell membrane changes from positive inside to negative inside, the cell membrane is undergoing
			A)	depolarization.
			B)	repolarization.
			C)	tetany.
			D)	treppe.

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23			Which type of propagation occurs along a myelinated axon?
			A)	continuous
			B)	treppe
			C)	saltatory
			D)	migratory
24			Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the resting membrane potential?
			A)	The membrane is relatively more permeable to potassium ions than to sodium ions.
			B)	Potassium ions are constantly moving out of the cell down their concentration gradient.
			C)	Sodium ions are in relatively higher concentration inside the cell than outside.
			D)	The membrane is relatively permeable to chloride ions.
25			During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following is the primary activity?
			A)	Sodium ions are flowing out of the cell.
			B)	Sodium ions are flowing into the cell.
			C)	Potassium ions are flowing into the cell.
			D)	Potassium ions are flowing out of the cell.

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26			The threshold of a neuron is the
			A)	total amount of neurotransmitter it takes to cause an action potential.
			B)	voltage that triggers activation of voltage-gated channels.
			C)	time between binding of the neurotransmitter and firing of an action potential.
			D)	voltage across the resting cell membrane.
27			During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which of the following situations exists?
			A)	The membrane is becoming less permeable to all ions.
			B)	The inside of the membrane is becoming more negative with respect to the outside.
			C)	The membrane potential remains constant.
			D)	The inside of the membrane is becoming more positive with respect to the outside.

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28			Local potentials have ALL of the following characteristics EXCEPT
			A)	propagation.
			B)	variation of amplitude.
			C)	comparatively long duration.
			D)	no refractory period.
29			The one-way nature of action potential propagation down an axon is primarily due to
			A)	sodium ion depletion
			B)	potassium ion depletion
			C)	the refractory period
			D)	ATP loss
30			In the resting state of the membrane, which of the following situations exists for voltage-gated sodium ion channels?
			A)	The activation and inactivation gates alternate being closed and open.
			B)	The inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed
			C)	The activation and inactivation gates are both closed.
			D)	The activation gate is open and the inactivation gate is closed.
31			A supramaximal stimulus produces which of the following?
			A)	the fastest muscle contraction possible
			B)	a muscle contraction that is slower than one produced by a maximal stimulus
			C)	a greater frequency of action potentials than a maximal stimulus
			D)	none of the above

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32			Which of the following types of stimuli produces only a local potential, but not an action potential?
			A)	maximal
			B)	supramaximal
			C)	threshold
			D)	subthreshhold

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33			Which of the following stimuli produces a depolarization that propagates from one end of the membrane to the other?
			A)	supramaximal
			B)	threshold
			C)	maximal
			D)	All of the Above

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34			Release of which neurotransmitter leads to the excitation and contraction of skeletal muscles?
			A)	acetylcholine
			B)	epinephrine
			C)	glutamate
			D)	serotonin

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35			Which substance is thought to reduce the perception of pain by inhibiting substance P?
			A)	endorphin
			B)	dopamine
			C)	glutamine
			D)	histamine
36			Skeletal muscle fibers in your arm relax because of spinal cord motor neuron inhibition by what neurotransmitter?
			A)	acetylcholine
			B)	aspartate
			C)	nicotine
			D)	glycine
37			Parkinson's disease is associated with a decreased secretion of what neurotransmitter?
			A)	acetylcholine
			B)	dopamine
			C)	epinephrine
			D)	serotonin
38			Amphetamines produce a state of increased alertness and wakefulness by increasing the release and blocking the reuptake of what neurotransmitter?
			A)	acetylcholine
			B)	glycine
			C)	norepinephrine
			D)	serotonin
39			The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is
			A)	always excitatory in the human body.
			B)	also a hormone.
			C)	actively transported back into synaptic end bulbs.
			D)	None of the above.
40			Which of the following is NOT true concerning an electrical synapse?
			A)	Connexons carry ions between the two communicating cells.
			B)	Information travels in one direction only.
			C)	This type of synapse is characteristic of cardiac muscle.
			D)	Information transfer does not involve the release of neurotransmitters.

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41			When a depolarization wave reaches the synaptic end bulb of a presynaptic neuron, the NEXT event is
			A)	uptake of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft.
			B)	active transport of calcium ions out of the cell.
			C)	diffusion of calcium ions into the cell.
			D)	immediate release of neurotransmitter.

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42			A neurotransmitter that allows sodium ions to leak into a postsynaptic neuron causes
			A)	no changes in the resting potential
			B)	damage to the myelin sheath
			C)	excitatory postsynaptic potentials
			D)	an alteration of the membrane threshold
43			The voltage across a neuron's membrane has changed from its resting potential of -70mV to -80mV. Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE regarding this situation?
			A)	The neuron has bound a neurotransmitter that increases membrane permeability to sodium ions.
			B)	Large pores have opened in the membrane to allow release of large intracellular anions.
			C)	The neuron has bound a neurotransmitter that increases the permeability to chloride ions.
			D)	Additional myelin has been added to the membrane to provide greater electrical insulation.
44			A drug called a "monoamine-oxide inhibitor" might be expected to cause
			A)	increased levels of norepinephrine at a synapse.
			B)	decreased levels of acetylcholine at a synapse.
			C)	presynaptic inhibition.
			D)	increased permeability to calcium.
45			The enzyme acetylcholinesterase insures that
			A)	additional neurotransmitter is produced for skeletal muscle action.
			B)	the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction has a short duration of action.
			C)	excess GABA is destroyed rapidly.
			D)	the inhibitory effect of glycine is prolonged.
46			A single motor neuron in the central nervous system, which receives a number of EPSPs and IPSPs simultaneously, illustrates which type of neuronal circuit?
			A)	converging
			B)	diverging
			C)	refractory
			D)	reverberating

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47			A single stimulus that elicits several responses involves which type of neuronal circuit?
			A)	converging
			B)	diverging
			C)	parallel after-discharge
			D)	reverberating

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48			The generation of an action potential in response to spatial summation illustrates which type of neuronal circuit?
			A)	converging
			B)	diverging
			C)	parallel after-discharge
			D)	reverberating
49			Neuron one stimulates neuron two. Neuron two stimulates an interneuron that re-stimulates neuron one and so on. What type of neuronal circuit is involved?
			A)	converging
			B)	diverging
			C)	refractory
			D)	oscillating

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50			Axon collaterals of a first motor neuron (preganglionic neuron) of the autonomic nervous system synapsing with several second motor neurons in autonomic ganglia illustrate which type of neuronal circuit?
			A)	converging
			B)	diverging
			C)	oscillating
			D)	refractory