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| 1 | |
When a person is startled or sees a "pleasurable" object, the pupils of the eyes may dilate. What division of the ANS is involved in this reaction? Describe the nerve pathway involved. |
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| 2 | |
Reduced secretion from salivary and lacrimal glands could indicate damage to what nerve? |
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| 3 | |
In a patient with Raynaud's disease, blood vessels in the skin of the hand may become chronically constricted, thereby reducing blood flow and producing gangrene. These vessels are supplied by nerves that originate at levels T2 and T3 of the spinal cord and eventually exit through the first thoracic and inferior cervical sympathetic ganglia. Surgical treatment for Raynaud's disease severs this nerve supply. At which of the following locations would you recommend that the cut be made: white rami of T2-T3, gray rami of T2-T3, spinal nerves T2-T3, or spinal nerves C1-T1? Explain. |
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| 4 | |
Patients with diabetes mellitus can develop autonomic neuropathy, which is damage to parts of the autonomic nerves. Given the following parts of the ANS—vagus nerve, splanchnic nerve, pelvic nerve, cranial nerve, outflow of gray ramus—match the part with the symptom it would produce if the part were damaged:
- impotence
- subnormal sweat production
- gastric atony and delayed emptying of the stomach
- diminished pupil reaction (constriction) to light
- bladder paralysis with urinary retention
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| 5 | |
Explain why methacholine, a drug that acts like acetylcholine, is effective for treating tachycardia (heart rate faster than normal). Which of the following side effects would you predict: increased salivation, dilation of the pupils, sweating, and difficulty in taking a deep breath? |
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| 6 | |
A patient has been exposed to the organophosphate pesticide malathion, which inactivates acetylcholinesterase. Which of the following symptoms would you predict: blurring of vision, excess tear formation, frequent or involuntary urination, pallor (pale skin), muscle twitching, or cramps? Would atropine be an effective drug to treat the symptoms? Explain. |
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| 7 | |
Epinephrine is routinely mixed with local anesthetic solutions. Why? |
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| 8 | |
A drug blocks the effect of the sympathetic division on the heart. Careful investigation reveals that after administration of the drug, normal action potentials are produced in the sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. Also, injection of norepinephrine produces a normal response in the heart. Explain, in as many ways as you can, the mode of action of the unknown drug. |
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| 9 | |
A drug is known to decrease heart rate. After cutting the white rami of T1-T4, the drug still causes heart rate to decline. After cutting the vagus nerves, the drug no longer affects heart rate. Which division of the ANS does the drug affect? Does the drug have its effect at the synapse between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons, at the synapse between postganglionic neurons and effector organs, or in the CNS? Is the effect of the drug excitatory or inhibitory? |
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| 10 | |
Make a list of the responses controlled by the ANS in (a) a person who is extremely angry and (b) a person who has just finished eating and is relaxing. |
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