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Multiple Choice Quiz 1
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1
The composition of lymph is most similar to
A)blood
B)serum
C)cytosol
D)interstitial fluid
2
The cisterna chyli is
A)the point at which lymph is returned to venous blood
B)a dilation at the beginning of the thoracic duct
C)the embryonic thymus gland
D)the array of lacteals associated with the small intestine
3
Which of the following correctly lists the structures according to the sequence of fluid flow?
A)lymphatic capillaries, interstitial spaces, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins
B)blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins
C)blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lympatic ducts, lymphatic vessels, subclavian veins
D)blood capillaries, interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, subclavian veins
4
One known function of the cells of the thymus is to
A)produce and secrete thymic hormones
B)produce and secrete antibodies
C)act as antigen-presenting cells
D)produce and secrete interleukin-1
5
The thoracic lymphatic duct empties into the
A)right lymphatic duct
B)cisterna chyli
C)left subclavian vein
D)ventricles of the brain
6
The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of
A)an artery
B)an arteriole
C)a vein
D)a capillary
7
The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the
A)thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
B)lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct
C)intestinal duct and left intercostal duct
D)bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct
8
The formation of lymph increases as a result of
A)increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries
B)increasing osmotic pressure in tissue fluid
C)decreasing volume of tissue fluid
D)decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid
9
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the
A)scalp and face
B)arm and mammary gland
C)thoracic viscera
D)abdominal viscera
10
Lymph differs from plasma in that
A)lymph contains more protein than plasma
B)plasma contains more protein than lymph
C)lymph contains white blood cells, whereas plasma does not
D)lymph and plasma are essentially the same
11
Lymph nodes occur in groups throughout the body except in the
A)lungs
B)central nervous system
C)mesentery
D)inguinal connective tissues
12
If lymphatic tissue is removed from an axillary region, the arm on that side is likely to
A)have a deficient blood supply
B)have an excessive blood supply
C)become edematous
D)lose tissue fluid
13
Tissue fluid is _____ and lymph is _______.
A)forced out of lymph vessels; absorbed into lymph vessels
B)forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into blood capillaries
C)generally rich in proteins; rich in proteins and foreign particles
D)forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins; absorbed into lymph capillaries and rich in proteins and foreign particles
14
The structure of a lymph node can be described as
A)being divided into compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages
B)afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface
C)efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilus
D)all of the above
15
Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
A)site of stem cell maturation into T and B cells
B)destruction of blood-borne pathogens by macrophages
C)removal of worn-out blood cells and platelets by macrophages
D)storage of platelets
16
The ability of T-lymphocytes to recognize self from non-self antigens is developed in the
A)plasma cells
B)spleen
C)thymus
D)liver
17
Which person most likely has the largest thymus gland?
A)a third trimester fetus
B)a two-year-old
C)a 12-year-old
D)a 25-year-old
18
The spleen is much like a lymph node except that the spleen
A)does not store lymphocytes
B)filters lymph
C)filters blood
D)does not contain phagocytes
19
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes?
A)production of lymphocytes
B)production of plasma proteins
C)filtration of cellular debris
D)filtration of foreign particles
20
The spleen can be described as
A)a bilobed organ located in the mediastinum
B)resembling a large lymph node
C)functioning to produce T-lymphocytes
D)functioning to produce B-lymphocytes
21
People that are confined to bed for long periods of time often develop edema because
A)their blood pressure becomes elevated, forcing more fluid into interstitial spaces as blood hydrostatic pressure rises
B)lack of motor activity leads to reduced sympathetic stimulation to lympathic vessels, so lymph tends to pool
C)without skeletal muscle contraction to force lymph through lymphatic vessels, fluid tends to accumulate in the interstitial spaces
D)reduced vasomotor tone allows proteins to leak from plasma, and water follows the osmotic gradient
22
The functions of the lymphatic system do not include
A)returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
B)removing proteins from the interstitial spaces
C)transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle
D)transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver
23
Foreign particles that are injected into the skin are likely to enter the lymphatic system
A)rapidly
B)slowly
C)not at all, because lymphatic valves prevent this
D)not at all, because the skin lacks lymphatic capillaries
24
A lysozyme is
A)an enzyme found in body fluids that flow over epithelial surfaces to destroy certain bacteria
B)a type of antibody that makes a cell more recognizable to a phagocyte
C)a cytokine produced by helper T-cells
D)one of the self-antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells
25
Which of the following would most likely increase a person's risk of invasion by pathogenic microbes?
A)increased urine flow
B)loss of epidermal tissue
C)increased action of cilia
D)increased intestinal motility
26
The function of interferons is to
A)break down bacterial cell walls
B)fragment bacterial DNA
C)opsonize microbes
D)prevent viral replication
27
Which of the following is a nonspecific mechanism of resistance?
A)activation of the complement via the alternative pathway
B)binding of an allergen to IgE molecules on mast cells
C)a delayed hypersensitivity response to poison ivy
D)cloning of B-cells in response to a measles vaccine
28
The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are
A)lymphocytes and macrophages
B)neutrophils and lymphocytes
C)monocytes and macrophages
D)lymphocytes and eosinophils
29
Which of the following is an example of a specific body defense mechanism?
A)phagocytosis
B)inflammation
C)fever
D)antibody production
30
Antibodies are
A)plasma cells
B)B-lymphocytes
C)T-lymphocytes
D)gamma globulin proteins
31
The process of coating a microbe with antibodies to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis is
A)chemotaxis
B)opsonization
C)cloning
D)anergy
32
The antibodies involved in allergic reactions
A)are called allergens
B)are secreted by mast cells
C)belong to the IgE group
D)are produced by T-lymphocytes
33
A hapten is
A)a small substance that becomes antigenic when it binds to tissue proteins
B)the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule
C)the antigen binding site of an immunoglobulin molecule
D)the part of a lymphoid organ where antigens are processed
34
All of the following would have MHC-1 antigens except
A)neurons
B)lymphocytes
C)macrophages
D)erythrocytes
35
Which of the following possess Class II MHC antigens?
A)antigen-presenting cells
B)erythrocytes
C)cardiac muscle cells
D)simple columnar epithlial cells in the digestive tract
36
T-cells and B-cells are
A)phagocytes
B)antibodies
C)lymphocytes
D)part of the complement
37
Which of the following is an example of a specific immune response?
A)release of histamine from damaged cells
B)adherence of a macrophage to a microbe
C)release of interferon from virus-infected cells
D)opsonization of an antigen by IgG molecules
38
The immunoglobulin class of an antibody molecule is determined by the
A)structure of the L chains
B)structure of the variable region
C)structure of the constant region of the H chains
D)function of the molecule
39
The antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule is contained in the
A)hinge region
B)disulfide bonds
C)constant region of the L chains
D)variable regions of the H and L chains
40
The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is
A)IgA
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgD
41
Following a primary immune response, plasma cells give rise to
A)T-cells
B)memory cells
C)natural killer cells
D)haptens
42
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward
A)foreign antigens
B)self-antigens
C)antibodies
D)viruses
43
An antigen is ______, whereas an antibody is_______.
A)a foreign substance such as a protein or polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with antigens to eliminate them
B)an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction
C)a hapten molecule that is quite complicated in shape; an enzyme that is produced by the thymus gland to neutralize antigens
D)produced by T-cells; produced by B-cells
44
Which of the following antibody mechanisms is correctly described?
A)chemotaxis - activated enzymes attract neutrophils and macrophages into the region where there are antigens
B)opsonization - activated enzymes altering cell membranes so that they are more susceptible to phagocytosis
C)lysis - activated enzymes digest the membranes of foreign cells so that they rupture
D)all of the above
45
An antigen is a foreign substance that causes _______, whereas an allergen is a foreign substance that causes _________.
A)the activation of the complement; the formation of large numbers of T-lymphocytes
B)immunity to develop; a loss of immunity
C)the release of histamine; the formation of plasma cells
D)the formation of antibodies; a hypersensitivity reaction
46
A primary immune response is ________, and a secondary immune response is ________.
A)very important; of less importance
B)the primary source of immunity; a back-up form of immunity in case the primary response fails
C)production of antibodies after the body's initial exposure to an antigen; the rapid production of large quantities of antibodies after subsequent exposure to the antigen
D)activation of the complement; production of antibodies
47
In cell-mediated immunity, the antigen is destroyed by
A)killer T-cells
B)mast cells
C)B-cells
D)antibodies
48
Proteins known as CD4 and CD8 are
A)attachment proteins on the surfaces of helper-T and cytotoxic T-cells
B)different protein chains seen in IgG and IgM antibodies
C)proteins on microbes that identify them as foreign
D)the proteins that antigen-presenting cells display along with foreign antigens
49
In specific immunity, competent T-cells are activated by
A)plasma cells
B)complement
C)antibodies
D)interleukin-1
50
Cytotoxic T-cells recognize antigens combined with
A)interleukin-1
B)CD8
C)MHC-I antigens
D)MHC-II antigens
51
T-lymphocytes are responsible for
A)programming macrophages
B)producing antibodies
C)cell-mediated immunity
D)humoral immunity
52
Cytotoxic T-cells destroy their target cells by releasing a substance that affects
A)cell membranes
B)lysosomes
C)ribosomes
D)DNA molecules
53
B-cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in the
A)liver
B)bloodstream
C)lymph nodes
D)red pulp of the spleen
54
Immunoglobulins that circulate in the interstitial spaces and the bloodstream that attach to mast cells and basophils to initiate an inflammatory response are
A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgG
D)IgE
55
A vaccine produces its effects by
A)directly attacking the antigens and neutralizing them
B)opsonization
C)stimulating a primary immune response
D)causing cell lysis
56
Giving a patient an intravenous injection of immunoglobulin should
A)temporarily protect them from a specific disease via passively acquired immunity
B)cause them to produce antibodies to a pathogen
C)protect them for several years
D)trigger activation of memory B-cells that make antibodies
57
The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing and recovering from a disease is
A)naturally acquired active immunity
B)artificially acquired active immunity
C)artificially acquired passive immunity
D)naturally acquired passive immunity
58
Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide
A)naturally acquired active immunity
B)artificially acquired active immunity
C)artificially acquired passive immunity
D)naturally acquired passive immunity
59
Which of the following cells is most affected as an individual ages?
A)B-cells
B)cytotoxic T-cells
C)helper T-cells
D)macrophages
60
After which age are declines in the immune system most evident?
A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80







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