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| 1 | |
What effect does rapid (respiratory rate equals 24 breaths per minute), shallow (tidal volume equals 250 mL per breath) breathing have on minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and alveolar PO2 and PCO2? |
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| 2 | |
A person's vital capacity is measured while standing and while lying down. What difference, if any, in the measurement do you predict and why? |
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| 3 | |
Ima Diver wanted to do some underwater exploration. She didn't want to buy expensive SCUBA equipment, however. Instead, she bought a long hose and an inner tube. She attached one end of the hose to the inner tube so that the end was always out of the water, and she inserted the other end of the hose in her mouth and went diving. What happened to her alveolar ventilation and why? How would she compensate for this change? How would diving affect lung compliance and the work of ventilation? |
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| 4 | |
The bacteria that cause gangrene (Clostridium perfringens) are anaerobic microorganisms that don't thrive in the presence of oxygen. Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) treatment places a person in a chamber that contains oxygen at three to four times normal atmospheric pressure. Explain how HBO helps in the treatment of gangrene. |
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| 5 | |
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has replaced older, less efficient methods of sustaining respiration. The back-pressure/armlift method is one such technique that's no longer used. This procedure is performed with the victim lying face down. The rescuer presses firmly on the base of the scapulae for several seconds and then grasps the arms and lifts them. The sequence is then repeated. Explain why this procedure results in ventilation of the lungs. |
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| 6 | |
Another technique for artificial respiration is mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. The rescuer takes a deep breath, blows air into the victim's mouth, and then lets air flow out of the victim. The process is repeated. Explain the following: (1) Why do the victim's lungs expand? (2) Why does air move out of the victim's lungs? and (3) What effect do the PO2 and the PCO2 of the rescuer's air have on the victim? |
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| 7 | |
The left phrenic nerve supplies the left side of the diaphragm and the right phrenic nerve supplies the right side. Damage to the left phrenic nerve results in paralysis of the left side of the diaphragm. During inspiration, does the left side of the diaphragm move superiorly, inferiorly, or stay in place? |
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| 8 | |
Suppose that the thoracic wall is punctured at the end of a normal expiration, producing a pneumothorax. Would the thoracic wall move inward, outward, or not move? |
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| 9 | |
During normal quiet respiration, when does the maximum rate of diffusion of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries occur? The maximum rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide? |
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| 10 | |
Is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in humans who live at high altitudes to the left or to the right of a person who lives at low altitudes? |
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| 11 | |
Predict what would happen to tidal volume if the vagus nerves were cut. The phrenic nerves? The intercostal nerves? |
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| 12 | |
You and your physiology instructor are trapped in an overturned ship. To escape, you must swim underwater a long distance. You tell your instructor it would be a good idea to hyperventilate before making the escape attempt. Your instructor calmly replies, "What good would that do, since your pulmonary capillaries are already 100% saturated with oxygen?" What would you do and why? |
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