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| 1 | |
Essential nutrients |
| | A) | are the only nutrients used by the body. |
| | B) | can be synthesized by the body from other ingested nutrients. |
| | C) | include most carbohydrates. |
| | D) | must be ingested. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 2 | |
Each gram of carbohydrate or protein metabolized by the body releases about __________ kcal of energy, whereas each gram of fat metabolized by the body releases about __________ kcal. |
| | A) | 4,5 |
| | B) | 4,7 |
| | C) | 7,9 |
| | D) | 4,9 |
| | E) | 9,100 |
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| 3 | |
Which of these carbohydrates is NOT digestible and provides fiber, or "roughage" in humans? |
| | A) | sucrose |
| | B) | starch |
| | C) | glycogen |
| | D) | cellulose |
| | E) | lactose |
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| 4 | |
All of these carbohydrates come from plants EXCEPT: |
| | A) | cellulose. |
| | B) | fructose. |
| | C) | lactose. |
| | D) | maltose. |
| | E) | sucrose. |
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| 5 | |
Complex carbohydrates |
| | A) | include glycogen, cellulose, and starch. |
| | B) | consist of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains. |
| | C) | can be energy storage molecules. |
| | D) | are polysaccharides. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 6 | |
The brain relies almost entirely on __________ for energy production. |
| | A) | sucrose |
| | B) | glucose |
| | C) | fructose |
| | D) | fatty acids |
| | E) | protein |
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| 7 | |
For long-term storage, glucose is converted to __________ , while for short-term storage, glucose is converted to ___________ . |
| | A) | fat, glycogen |
| | B) | glycogen, ketone bodies |
| | C) | glycogen, protein |
| | D) | pyruvic acid, fat |
| | E) | fat, pyruvic acid |
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| 8 | |
All other monosaccharides absorbed into the blood are converted into __________ in the liver. |
| | A) | fructose |
| | B) | galactose |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | sucrose |
| | E) | lactose |
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| 9 | |
Skeletal muscle cells derive most of their energy from |
| | A) | glucose. |
| | B) | sucrose. |
| | C) | glycogen. |
| | D) | proteins. |
| | E) | triglycerides. |
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| 10 | |
Which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules? |
| | A) | sucrose |
| | B) | galactose |
| | C) | maltose |
| | D) | lactose |
| | E) | fructose |
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| 11 | |
Fish, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil are sources of |
| | A) | monounsaturated fat. |
| | B) | polyunsaturated fat. |
| | C) | saturated fat. |
| | D) | steroids. |
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| 12 | |
All of these foods contain cholesterol EXCEPT |
| | A) | liver. |
| | B) | butter. |
| | C) | cheese. |
| | D) | eggs. |
| | E) | coconut oil. |
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| 13 | |
Cholesterol |
| | A) | is manufactured in the liver. |
| | B) | is a component of the cell membrane. |
| | C) | can be modified to form bile salts. |
| | D) | can be modified to form steroid hormones. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 14 | |
Which of these statements concerning essential fatty acids is correct? |
| | A) | There are no essential fatty acids in the human diet. |
| | B) | The most important essential fatty acid is cholesterol. |
| | C) | Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are two fatty acids that must be ingested. |
| | D) | The liver can synthesize some essential fatty acids. |
| | E) | Essential fatty acids are only found in animal fat. |
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| 15 | |
There are __________ amino acids in proteins, and __________ are considered to be essential amino acids. |
| | A) | 30, 12 |
| | B) | 20, 12 |
| | C) | 20, 9 |
| | D) | 12, 9 |
| | E) | 12, 4 |
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| 16 | |
All of these are examples of proteins in the body EXCEPT |
| | A) | collagen. |
| | B) | enzymes. |
| | C) | hemoglobin. |
| | D) | lecithin. |
| | E) | myosin. |
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| 17 | |
Which vitamin is necessary for blood clotting? |
| | A) | vitamin A |
| | B) | vitamin B12 |
| | C) | vitamin D |
| | D) | vitamin E |
| | E) | vitamin K |
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| 18 | |
Vitamins |
| | A) | may function as hormones in the body. |
| | B) | have a stable chemical structure that is unaffected by heat. |
| | C) | can be manufactured in the body from provitamins. |
| | D) | such as A, D, E, and K are water-soluble vitamins. |
| | E) | all of these |
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| 19 | |
The two vitamins necessary for nucleic acid synthesis are folate and |
| | A) | vitamin A. |
| | B) | vitamin B1 (thiamine). |
| | C) | Vitamin B3 (niacin). |
| | D) | Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). |
| | E) | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). |
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| 20 | |
Which mineral is involved in blood clotting, muscle activity, and nerve function? A deficiency of this mineral causes spontaneous nerve discharge and tetany. |
| | A) | calcium |
| | B) | chlorine |
| | C) | iodine |
| | D) | iron |
| | E) | sodium |
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| 21 | |
Which of these is NOT a function of minerals in the body? |
| | A) | acting as coenzymes |
| | B) | adding mechanical strength to bones and teeth |
| | C) | acting as buffers |
| | D) | acting as a regulator of osmotic pressure |
| | E) | acting as a source of energy |
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| 22 | |
The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is |
| | A) | anabolism. |
| | B) | catabolism. |
| | C) | metabolism. |
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| 23 | |
The energy currency of the cell is |
| | A) | fat. |
| | B) | ATP. |
| | C) | ADP. |
| | D) | enzymes. |
| | E) | vitamins. |
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| 24 | |
Anaerobic respiration produces __________ ATPs and __________ as a waste product. |
| | A) | 38, carbon dioxide |
| | B) | 38, lactic acid |
| | C) | 2, water |
| | D) | 2, lactic acid |
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| 25 | |
Aerobic respiration produces _______ ATPs and ______ require oxygen. |
| | A) | 2, does not |
| | B) | 2, does |
| | C) | 38, does |
| | D) | 38, does not |
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| 26 | |
Lactic acid can be converted to __________ in the liver. |
| | A) | acetyl-coenzyme A |
| | B) | carbon dioxide |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | sucrose |
| | E) | water |
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| 27 | |
Given these phases of aerobic respiration:
1. acetyl-coenzyme A formation
2. citric acid cycle
3. electron-transport chain
4. glycolysis
List the phases in the order they occur as a molecule of glucose is broken down. |
| | A) | 1,4,2,3 |
| | B) | 2,1,4,3 |
| | C) | 3,2,4,1 |
| | D) | 3,4,1,2 |
| | E) | 4,1,2,3 |
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| 28 | |
Electron-carrier molecules that are used in the electron-transport chain to generate additional ATP are |
| | A) | NADH and FADH2. |
| | B) | glucose and ketone bodies. |
| | C) | pyruvic acid and lactic acid. |
| | D) | glucose and pyruvic acid. |
| | E) | acetyl-CoA and amino acids. |
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| 29 | |
Besides ATP, the end products of aerobic respiration are |
| | A) | lactic acid and pyruvic acid. |
| | B) | lactic acid and citric acid. |
| | C) | carbon dioxide and water. |
| | D) | carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and water. |
| | E) | carbon dioxide and citric acid. |
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| 30 | |
In the chemiosmotic model, __________ ions diffuse from the outer mitochondrial compartment to the inner mitochondrial compartment; as a result, ADP is converted to ATP. |
| | A) | calcium |
| | B) | chloride |
| | C) | hydrogen |
| | D) | potassium |
| | E) | sodium |
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| 31 | |
At the end of aerobic respiration, all six carbon atoms from the glucose molecule are |
| | A) | found in carbonic acid molecules. |
| | B) | found in carbon dioxide molecules. |
| | C) | found in NADH molecules. |
| | D) | still present in glucose. |
| | E) | converted to form fructose. |
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| 32 | |
About 99% of the body's energy storage is in the form of |
| | A) | amino acids. |
| | B) | glucose. |
| | C) | glycogen. |
| | D) | lipids. |
| | E) | proteins. |
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| 33 | |
In the process of beta-oxidation, two carbon atoms are removed from the end of a(n) __________ to form __________ . |
| | A) | amino acid, fatty acids |
| | B) | amino acid, acetyl-CoA |
| | C) | acetyl-CoA, fatty acids |
| | D) | fatty acid, amino acids |
| | E) | fatty acid, acetyl-CoA |
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| 34 | |
The conversion of acetyl-CoA into acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid or acetone is called |
| | A) | gluconeogenesis. |
| | B) | glycogenolysis. |
| | C) | glycogenesis. |
| | D) | ketogenesis. |
| | E) | lipogenesis. |
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| 35 | |
To produce a nonessential amino acid, keto acids are converted to amino acids by the process of |
| | A) | beta-oxidation. |
| | B) | ketogenesis. |
| | C) | lipogenesis. |
| | D) | oxidative deamination. |
| | E) | transamination. |
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| 36 | |
The process by which amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose is called |
| | A) | beta-oxidation. |
| | B) | gluconeogenesis. |
| | C) | glycogenesis. |
| | D) | glycogenolysis. |
| | E) | lipogenesis. |
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| 37 | |
During the absorptive state, |
| | A) | as glycogen is depleted, fats are used as an energy source. |
| | B) | excess glucose is converted into glycogen or fats. |
| | C) | fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA. |
| | D) | acetyl-CoA is used to produce ketone bodies in the liver. |
| | E) | proteins are metabolized or converted into glucose. |
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| 38 | |
Which of these forms of metabolic energy use is normally the smallest? |
| | A) | basal metabolism |
| | B) | muscular activity |
| | C) | thermic effect of food |
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| 39 | |
One pound of body fat is equal to about |
| | A) | 4.825 kcal. |
| | B) | 270 kcal. |
| | C) | 2700 kcal. |
| | D) | 4091 kcal. |
| | E) | 6000 kcal. |
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| 40 | |
The gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact with each other is called |
| | A) | convection. |
| | B) | evaporation. |
| | C) | radiation. |
| | D) | conduction. |
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