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13.1 Species: A Working Definition

  1. How is the concept of gene flow related to the species concept?

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13.2 How New Species Originate

  1. How does speciation differ from the formation of subspecies or races?

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  1. Why aren’t mules considered a species?

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  1. Can you always tell by looking at two organisms whether or not they belong to the same species?

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  1. Why is geographic isolation important in the process of speciation?

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  1. How does a polyploid organism differ from a haploid or diploid organism?

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  1. List the series of events necessary for speciation to occur.

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13.3 Maintaining Genetic Isolation

  1. Describe three kinds of genetic isolating mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between different species.

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  1. Give an example of seasonal isolating mechanisms, ecological isolating mechanisms, and behavioral isolating mechanisms.

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13.4 The Development of Evolutionary Thought

  1. Why has Lamarck’s theory been rejected?

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  1. List 5 assumptions about the nature of living things that support the concept of evolution by natural selection.

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13.5 Evolutionary Patterns Above the Species Level

  1. Describe convergent evolution and adaptive radiation.

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  1. What are the two dominant evolutionary patterns?

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  1. How are analogous and homologous structures different?

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13.6 Rates of Evolution

  1. What is the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium?

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13.7 The Tentative Nature of the Evolutionary History of Organisms

  1. Why is it difficult to determine the evolutionary history of a species?

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13.8 Human Evolution

  1. List 3 differences between australopiths and members of the genus Homo.

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  1. Compare the out-of-Africa hypothesis with the multiregional hypothesis of the origin of Homo sapiens.

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