Choose the best answer

1			Which of the following best describes type I hypersensitivities?
			A)	The reaction of TDTH cells, cytokines, and macrophages
			B)	The formation of immune complexes that are deposited on basement membranes
			C)	Complement-dependent lysis of cells
			D)	The release of physiological mediators from IgE-bound mast cells and basophils
			E)	Overreaction of the immune system
2			An attenuated vaccine is composed of
			A)	killed microorganisms.
			B)	living, weakened microorganisms.
			C)	inactivated bacterial toxins.
			D)	purified macromolecules.
			E)	recombinant vectors.
3			Passive immunization is routinely administered to individuals exposed to certain microbial pathogens that cause diseases, EXCEPT:
			A)	Botulism
			B)	Diphtheria
			C)	Hepatitis
			D)	Chicken pox
			E)	Rabies
4			Vaccines are available for all of the following EXCEPT:
			A)	Hepatitis A
			B)	Hepatitis B
			C)	Hepatitis C
			D)	Tetanus
			E)	Measles
5			Which is considered the "gold standard" of existing vaccines?
			A)	Purified proteins
			B)	Whole-organism
			C)	DNA-based
			D)	Inactivated exotoxins
			E)	Capsular polysaccharides
6			Which macromolecule is currently NOT being used as a vaccine in humans?
			A)	Capsular polysaccharides
			B)	Recombinant surface antigens
			C)	Inactivated exotoxins
			D)	DNA-based
			E)	All of the above
7			In type I hypersensitivity, which of the following DOES NOT happen upon second exposure to the antigen?
			A)	IgE binds to Fc receptors of mast cells
			B)	Degranulation of sensitized mast cells
			C)	Histamine release
			D)	Smooth muscle contraction
			E)	Vasodilation
8			Respiratory impairment during systemic anaphylaxis is PRIMARILY due to
			A)	arteriole dilation.
			B)	reduced blood pressure.
			C)	increased capillary permeability.
			D)	circulatory shock.
			E)	smooth muscle contraction in the bronchioles.
9			Desensitization to an allergen involves injection of the allergen beneath the skin to induce production of which of the following immunoglobulins?
			A)	IgA
			B)	IgD
			C)	IgE
			D)	IgG
			E)	IgM
10			Cytokines attract which of the following to the affected tissue?
			A)	Lymphocytes
			B)	Macrophages
			C)	Basophils
			D)	All of the above
			E)	None of the above
11			Which of the following is responsible for a marked female predominance of autoimmune diseases?
			A)	Androgens
			B)	Estrogens
			C)	Stress
			D)	Viral infection
			E)	Bacterial infection
12			Which of the following assays is currently being used for the detection of Helicobacter pylori?
			A)	Agglutination
			B)	Complement fixation
			C)	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
			D)	Immunodiffusion
			E)	Flow cytometry
13			A chromogen may be used in which of the following assays?
			A)	Direct immuonsorbent assay
			B)	Indirect immunosorbent assay
			C)	Western blotting
			D)	All of the above
			E)	None of the above
14			Attenuated viral vaccines
			A)	are viable.
			B)	are nonpathogenic.
			C)	infect cells.
			D)	produce antigens in the context of MHC I.
			E)	All of the above.
15			The single radial diffusion assay (Mancini technique) quantifies
			A)	antibodies.
			B)	antigen.
			C)	immune complexes.
			D)	cytokines.
			E)	All of the above.
16			Which of the following involves separation of antigens by size on a gel, followed by diffusion and precipitation?
			A)	Flow cytometry
			B)	Double diffusion immunoassay
			C)	Dmmunoelectrophoresis
			D)	Direct immunosorbent assay
			E)	Indirect immunosorbent assay