Choose the best answer

1			The host on or in which the parasitic organism either attains sexual maturity or reproduces is the
			A)	intermediate host.
			B)	final host.
			C)	transfer host.
			D)	reservoir host.
			E)	secondary host.
2			Which of the following viruses is spread by way of nerves?
			A)	Rabies
			B)	Varicella-zoster
			C)	Herpes simplex
			D)	All of the above
			E)	None of the above
3			Recovery mechanisms from viral infection involve
			A)	cellular immunity.
			B)	interferons.
			C)	cytokines.
			D)	All of the above.
			E)	None of the above.
4			Which of the following DOES NOT represent direct contact from host-to-host?
			A)	Coughing
			B)	Sneezing
			C)	Body contact
			D)	Shedding onto surfaces
			E)	None of the above
5			Which of the following represents a passive mechanism by which a bacterium can penetrate a host?
			A)	Attacking the intestinal linings
			B)	Degrading carbohydrate-protein complexes
			C)	Disrupting the cell surface
			D)	Tissue damage caused by other organisms
			E)	All of the above
6			For a bacterial pathogen to be successful in growth and reproduction, it must find which of the following?
			A)	Appropriate nutrients
			B)	Appropriate pH
			C)	Appropriate temperature
			D)	Appropriate redox potential
			E)	All of the above
7			Expression of the virulence gene of Bordetella pertussis (the pathogen causing whooping cough) is dependent upon
			A)	temperature.
			B)	osmolality.
			C)	available iron.
			D)	pH.
			E)	specific ions.
8			Which of the following is true for exotoxins?
			A)	Effect on host similar for all
			B)	Heat stable
			C)	Produce a fever
			D)	Weakly immunogenetic
			E)	Frequently encoded on plasmids
9			Which is true for endotoxins?
			A)	Highly antigenic
			B)	Found only in Gram-negative bacteria
			C)	Usually binds to specific cellular receptors
			D)	Highly toxic and fatal in microgram quantities
			E)	Toxoids are used to immunize
10			True enterotoxins have what effect on the intestinal mucosa?
			A)	Cause a change in pH
			B)	Elicit profuse fluid secretion
			C)	Increase temperature
			D)	Bind to mucosal cells
			E)	None of the above
11			Cytotoxins having a specific toxic action upon cells/tissues of the kidney are
			A)	hepatoxins.
			B)	cardiotoxins.
			C)	intestotoxins.
			D)	neuortoxins.
			E)	nephrotoxins.
12			Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by:
			A)	Ingestion of preformed exotoxin
			B)	Colonization of a mucosal surface followed by the production of exotoxin
			C)	Colonization of a wound or abscess followed by local exotoxin production
			D)	All of the above
			E)	None of the above
13			Most Gram-negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is found in the
			A)	plasma membrane.
			B)	cell wall.
			C)	inner membrane.
			D)	outer membrane.
			E)	periplasmic space.
14			Which endogenous molecules are specifically involved in fever induction?
			A)	Cytokines
			B)	Lymphokines
			C)	Pyrogens
			D)	Macrophages
			E)	Interferons
15			Which subunit of the exotoxin is the binding portion of the molecule?
			A)	A
			B)	B
			C)	C
			D)	D
			E)	E