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1 | |
Which of the following is not characteristic of a theory?
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| | A) | It is a set of interrelated statements.
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| | B) | It suggests that development is directed from within.
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| | C) | It serves as a stimulus to action.
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| | D) | It is an attempt to make sense of our experiences.
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2 | |
The major function of a theory is to
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| | A) | organize factual observations in a coherent way
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| | B) | describe and catalog our behavior observations
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| | C) | prove the correctness of our hypothetical formulations
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| | D) | determine whether a behavior is innate or learned
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3 | |
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory suggests that individuals pass through various ________ stages.
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| | A) | ego
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| | B) | oral
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| | C) | psychosexual
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| | D) | unconscious
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4 | |
According to Freud's view, the unconscious is important because
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| | A) | many instinctual impulses are eliminated early in life
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| | B) | we become aware of our instinctual but forbidden history through slips of the tongue, dreams, mental disorder, religion, art, literature, myths, etc.
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| | C) | critical impulses occur during the child's first six years, which are an instinctual period in personality formation
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| | D) | much of our behavior is motivated by unconscious drives
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5 | |
A major premise of Freudian theory is that fixation occurs when
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| | A) | sex-role socialization takes place
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| | B) | a person experiences a psychosocial crisis
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| | C) | a person is frustrated or overindulged at a stage of development
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| | D) | a biochemical imbalance exists at a stage of development
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6 | |
According to Freud, the latency period corresponds to which period of life? |
| | A) | infancy |
| | B) | middle childhood |
| | C) | adolescence |
| | D) | young adulthood |
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7 | |
What is a criticism of psychoanalytic theory?
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| | A) | It is too easy to evaluate by accepted scientific standards.
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| | B) | The theory was based on inferences from Freud's adult patients.
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| | C) | Freud worked with patients having healthy personalities rather than those with emotional difficulties.
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| | D) | Freud's inability to define key concepts such as ego, id, and superego.
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8 | |
In contrast to Freud's concern with psychosexual development, Erik Erikson emphasized
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| | A) | psychosocial development
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| | B) | cognitive development
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| | C) | sexual fixations
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| | D) | critical periods
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9 | |
Erikson concluded that the personality continues to develop over the life span
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| | A) | in five distinct epigenetic stages
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| | B) | in eight stages while accomplishing meeting developmental tasks and resolving crises
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| | C) | as a consequence of learning continually in one's environment
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| | D) | by actively controlling one's destiny and using free will
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10 | |
Erikson indicates that ________ typically confront a crisis associated with identity vs. identity confusion.
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| | A) | infants
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| | B) | children
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| | C) | adolescents
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| | D) | adults
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11 | |
In Erikson's theory, a developing person is likely to have feelings of shame and doubt rather than autonomy when he or she
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| | A) | develops an ego identity
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| | B) | feels hopeless about impending death
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| | C) | fails to receive recognition for school achievements
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| | D) | has parents who are overprotective when learning to crawl, climb, walk, and explore
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12 | |
Behavioral theorists look at the interaction between
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| | A) | classical and operant conditioning
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| | B) | stimulus and response
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| | C) | John Watson and B. F. Skinner
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| | D) | conflicts and resolutions
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13 | |
Operant conditioning
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| | A) | derives from preexisting reflexes
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| | B) | controls behavior by changing the effect that follows
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| | C) | requires introspection
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| | D) | eliminates reflexes
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14 | |
Reinforcement occurs when
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| | A) | two stimuli are paired together
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| | B) | a stimulus is followed by a response
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| | C) | one event strengthens the probability that another event will occur
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| | D) | a response is initiated by a releasing stimulus
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15 | |
Behavior modification uses ________ to change behaviors
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| | A) | phobias
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| | B) | motivation
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| | C) | diminished reflexes
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| | D) | rewards and punishments
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16 | |
According to Maslow, self-actualized people tend to be
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| | A) | older
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| | B) | motivated by their own personal needs
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| | C) | accepting of themselves, others, and the world for what they are
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| | D) | all of the above
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17 | |
Which of these attributes is not necessarily representative of the self-actualized personality?
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| | A) | little need for privacy
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| | B) | problem-centered
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| | C) | autonomous and independent
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| | D) | spontaneous in thought and behavior
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18 | |
Those internal factors that are part of the process of thinking and reasoning (such phenomena as sensation, perception, imagery, retention, recall, etc.) are central to which theory of development?
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| | A) | cognitive
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| | B) | behavioral
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| | C) | humanistic
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| | D) | psychoanalytic
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19 | |
According to Piagetian theory, when a child engages in the process of assimilation, she
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| | A) | is rewarded for responding accurately in a learning task
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| | B) | processes new situations as if they were similar to previously experienced ones
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| | C) | changes her old behavior when it no longer allows her to solve problems
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| | D) | performs a new behavior without having had a previous opportunity to make the response
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20 | |
According to Piagetian theory, when a child engages in the process of accommodation, she is
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| | A) | rewarded for responding accurately in a learning task
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| | B) | conceptualizing new situations as if they were similar to previously experienced ones
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| | C) | changing her previous conceptions when they no longer allow her to solve problems
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| | D) | fitting old experiences into new ones
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21 | |
The process of accommodation and assimilation leads to
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| | A) | fixation
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| | B) | equilibrium
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| | C) | object permanence
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| | D) | egocentrism
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22 | |
Children who solely rely on reflexes to interact with their environment are in Piaget's ________ stage.
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| | A) | sensorimotor
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| | B) | preoperational
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| | C) | concrete operations
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| | D) | formal operations
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23 | |
Cognitive learning refers to
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| | A) | passive learning
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| | B) | learning solely by direct experience
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| | C) | intentional learning
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| | D) | learning by observation and modeling
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24 | |
According to natural selection,
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| | A) | imprinting occurs during a relatively short period of time
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| | B) | human babies are biologically preadapted with behaviors
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| | C) | organisms that are best adapted to their environment stand a better chance of surviving and reproducing
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| | D) | the social behavior of human beings can be explained by referring to our common genetic heritage
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25 | |
The study of the behavior patterns of organisms from a biological point is
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| | A) | psychology
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| | B) | biology
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| | C) | ethology
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| | D) | philosophy
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26 | |
The difference between Lewin's Field Theory and Bronfrenbrenner's Ecological Theory is the concept of
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| | A) | personal habits
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| | B) | environment
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| | C) | locus of control
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| | D) | development over time
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27 | |
The socio-cultural theory emphasizes the link between the individual's development and
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| | A) | historical context
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| | B) | social interaction
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| | C) | cultural values
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| | D) | all of the above
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28 | |
In contrast to mechanistic models, organismic models of human development portray human beings as
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| | A) | intrinsically active
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| | B) | intrinsically passive
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| | C) | developing in a continuous process
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| | D) | mostly influenced by environmental factors
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29 | |
Children's genetic predispositions are coupled with their environment in three ways. Which is not a relationship as put forth by Scarr and McCartney?
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| | A) | evocative
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| | B) | destructive
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| | C) | passive
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| | D) | active
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30 | |
Studies on shyness (timidity) and the Minnesota Twin Project suggest that
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| | A) | psychoanalytic theory is supported
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| | B) | behavioral traits can be traced to a single gene
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| | C) | hereditary aspects of behavior are supported
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| | D) | new discoveries in microbiology and genetics show that parenting has the greatest influence on a child's behavior
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education